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Observation of Raman emission in silicon waveguides at 1.54 μm

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Abstract

We report the first measurements of spontaneous Raman scattering from silicon waveguides. Using a 1.43 μm pump, both forward and backward scattering were measured at 1.54 μm from Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) waveguides. From the dependence of the Stokes power vs. pump power, we extract a value of (4.1 ± 2.5) × 10-7 cm-1 Sr-1 for the Raman scattering efficiency. The results suggest that a silicon optical amplifier is within reach. The strong optical confinement in silicon waveguides is an attractive property as it lowers the pump power required for the onset of Raman scattering. The SiGe material system is also discussed.

©2002 Optical Society of America

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Figures (6)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Experimental setup for measurement of spontaneous Raman scattering from silicon waveguides.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. SOI Waveguide used. The (x, y, z) coordinates are oriented along the crystallographic axes. The resulting TM0 mode (λ=1.54 μm) from a BPM calculation is depicted to the right. The effective index of refraction is calculated assuming n=3.5 for bulk silicon.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Raman spectra from silicon obtained for different horizontal offsets of the waveguide relative to the optical axis. Fig. 3a shows the back-scattered spectra, and Fig. 3b shows the forward-scattered spectra.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Measured profiles of the Raman emission from the SOI waveguide in horizontal (∥ or x in Fig. 2), and vertical (⊥ or y in Fig. 2) directions. The corresponding TM0 mode profiles, calculated using BPM simulations, are super-imposed for comparison. Dashed lines are Gaussian fits to the data.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Raman spectra measured for different values of pump power.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Spontaneous Raman intensity as a function of pump power. Forward and backward scattering cases are shown. The pump power was measured between the PBS and the input coupling lens.

Tables (1)

Tables Icon

Table 1. Scattering efficiencies for different configurations in silicon. [100], [010], and [001] refer to the crystallographic directions, x, y, and z, respectively [7].

Equations (8)

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P P ( z ) = P P ( 0 ) e γz .
dP R ( z ) dz = γ P R ( z ) ± α P P ( z ) .
α = S ΔΩ .
Backward : P R = α { 1 e 2 γL 2 γ } P P .
Forward : P R = αL e γL P P .
m = sinh ( γL ) γL
P R ( L ) = P R ( 0 ) exp ( γ L + g s S p ( 0 ) γ ( 1 exp ( γ L ) ) ) .
g s = 8 π c 2 ω p ħ ω s 4 n 2 ( ω s ) ( N + 1 ) Δ ω S .
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