Abstract
The ionization threshold IL of a molecule in a fluid medium (liquid or dense gas) is substantially lower than that IG of the isolated molecule (low-pressure gas) due to the polarization of the dense medium by the electron-positive ion pair. The lowering of the ionization threshold in going from a low-pressure gas to the liquid has in the past been measured with one-photon ionization techniques. These are, however, limited in many ways as, for example, at high energies by strong absorption of either the solute or the solvent.
© 1988 Optical Society of America
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