Abstract
Electro-optic (EO) modulators commonly use lithium niobate (LiNbO3) as the substrate because of its high EO coefficient. However, LiNbO3 is dispersive, so the optical and electrical signals have different propagation times along the modulator electrodes. If this time difference is not very short compared with a period at the modulation frequency there will be an averaging effect that will reduce the net modulation. This gives rise to the well-known sine-function frequency response of traveling-wave EO modulators. For a modulator to be effective at high frequency, the electrodes must be kept short; this, in turn, reduces the sensitivity of the modulator.
© 1992 Optical Society of America
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