Abstract

We have developed a fast multispectral endoscopic imaging system that is capable of acquiring images in 18 optimized spectral bands spanning 400-760 nm by combining a customized light source with six triple-band filters and a standard color CCD camera. A method is developed to calibrate the spectral response of the CCD camera. Imaging speed of 15 spectral image cubes/second is achieved. A spectral analysis algorithm based on a linear matrix inversion approach is developed and implemented in a graphics processing unit (GPU) to map the mucosa blood supply in the lung in vivo. Clinical measurements on human lung patients are demonstrated.

© 2015 Optical Society of America

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  1. V. R. Kondepati, J. Zimmermann, M. Keese, J. Sturm, B. C. Manegold, and J. Backhaus, “Near-infrared fiber optic spectroscopy as a novel diagnostic tool for the detection of pancreatic cancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(5), 054016 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. Y. N. Mirabal, S. K. Chang, E. N. Atkinson, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Reflectance spectroscopy for in vivo detection of cervical precancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(4), 587–594 (2002).
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  3. G. Zonios, L. T. Perelman, V. Backman, R. Manoharan, M. Fitzmaurice, J. Van Dam, and M. S. Feld, “Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of human adenomatous colon polyps in vivo,” Appl. Opt. 38(31), 6628–6637 (1999).
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. Y. S. Fawzy, M. Petek, M. Tercelj, and H. Zeng, “In vivo assessment and evaluation of lung tissue morphologic and physiological changes from non-contact endoscopic reflectance spectroscopy for improving lung cancer detection,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11(4), 044003 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. S. C. Gebhart, R. C. Thompson, and A. Mahadevan-Jansen, “Liquid-crystal tunable filter spectral imaging for brain tumor demarcation,” Appl. Opt. 46(10), 1896–1910 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. E. Claridge, D. Hidoviv, P. Taniere, and T. Ismail, “Quantifying mucosal blood volume fraction from multispectral images of colon,” Proc. SPIE 6511, 65110C (2007).
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. M. P. Bard, A. Amelink, V. N. Hegt, W. J. Graveland, H. J. Sterenborg, H. C. Hoogsteden, and J. G. Aerts, “Measurement of hypoxia-related parameters in bronchial mucosa by use of optical spectroscopy,” Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171(10), 1178–1184 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  10. D. Roblyer, R. Richards-Kortum, K. Sokolov, A. K. El-Naggar, M. D. Williams, C. Kurachi, and A. M. Gillenwater, “Multispectral optical imaging device for in vivo detection of oral neoplasia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(2), 024019 (2008).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  11. R. T. Kester, N. Bedard, L. Gao, and T. S. Tkaczyk, “Real-time snapshot hyperspectral imaging endoscope,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(5), 056005 (2011).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  12. T. Vo-Dinh, B. Cullum, and P. Kasili, “Development of a multi-spectral imaging system for medical applications,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 36(14), 1663–1668 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  13. N. Gat, “Imaging spectroscopy using tunable filters: A review,” Proc. SPIE 4056, 50–64 (2000).
    [Crossref]
  14. O. Noboru and A. Robertson, Colorimetry: Fundamentals and Applications (Wiley, 2005), Chap. 3.
  15. S. L. Jacques, R. Samatham, and N. Choudhury, “Rapid spectral analysis for spectral imaging,” Biomed. Opt. Express 1(1), 157–164 (2010).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  16. I. Seo, C. K. Hayakawa, and V. Venugopalan, “Radiative transport in the delta-P1 approximation for semi-infinite turbid media,” Med. Phys. 35(2), 681–693 (2008).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. B. Yuan, “Radiative transport in the delta-P1 approximation for laminar optical tomography,” J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 2(2), 149–163 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  18. S. A. Carp, S. A. Prahl, and V. Venugopalan, “Radiative transport in the delta-P1 approximation: accuracy of fluence rate and optical penetration depth predictions in turbid semi-infinite media,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9(3), 632–647 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  19. D. Reinders, D. Snead, P. Dhillon, and Y. Fawzy, “Endobronchial cancer detection using an integrated bronchoscopy system for simultaneous imaging and noncontact spectral measurement,” J. Bronchology Interv. Pulmonol. 16(3), 158–167 (2009).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  20. M. P. Siegel, Y. L. Kim, H. K. Roy, R. K. Wali, and V. Backman, “Assessment of blood supply in superficial tissue by polarization-gated elastic light-scattering spectroscopy,” Appl. Opt. 45(2), 335–342 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (1)

R. T. Kester, N. Bedard, L. Gao, and T. S. Tkaczyk, “Real-time snapshot hyperspectral imaging endoscope,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(5), 056005 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (1)

2009 (2)

B. Yuan, “Radiative transport in the delta-P1 approximation for laminar optical tomography,” J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 2(2), 149–163 (2009).
[Crossref]

D. Reinders, D. Snead, P. Dhillon, and Y. Fawzy, “Endobronchial cancer detection using an integrated bronchoscopy system for simultaneous imaging and noncontact spectral measurement,” J. Bronchology Interv. Pulmonol. 16(3), 158–167 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (2)

I. Seo, C. K. Hayakawa, and V. Venugopalan, “Radiative transport in the delta-P1 approximation for semi-infinite turbid media,” Med. Phys. 35(2), 681–693 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Roblyer, R. Richards-Kortum, K. Sokolov, A. K. El-Naggar, M. D. Williams, C. Kurachi, and A. M. Gillenwater, “Multispectral optical imaging device for in vivo detection of oral neoplasia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(2), 024019 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (2)

S. C. Gebhart, R. C. Thompson, and A. Mahadevan-Jansen, “Liquid-crystal tunable filter spectral imaging for brain tumor demarcation,” Appl. Opt. 46(10), 1896–1910 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Claridge, D. Hidoviv, P. Taniere, and T. Ismail, “Quantifying mucosal blood volume fraction from multispectral images of colon,” Proc. SPIE 6511, 65110C (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (2)

Y. S. Fawzy, M. Petek, M. Tercelj, and H. Zeng, “In vivo assessment and evaluation of lung tissue morphologic and physiological changes from non-contact endoscopic reflectance spectroscopy for improving lung cancer detection,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11(4), 044003 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. P. Siegel, Y. L. Kim, H. K. Roy, R. K. Wali, and V. Backman, “Assessment of blood supply in superficial tissue by polarization-gated elastic light-scattering spectroscopy,” Appl. Opt. 45(2), 335–342 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (2)

V. R. Kondepati, J. Zimmermann, M. Keese, J. Sturm, B. C. Manegold, and J. Backhaus, “Near-infrared fiber optic spectroscopy as a novel diagnostic tool for the detection of pancreatic cancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(5), 054016 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. P. Bard, A. Amelink, V. N. Hegt, W. J. Graveland, H. J. Sterenborg, H. C. Hoogsteden, and J. G. Aerts, “Measurement of hypoxia-related parameters in bronchial mucosa by use of optical spectroscopy,” Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171(10), 1178–1184 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (3)

2003 (1)

T. Vo-Dinh, B. Cullum, and P. Kasili, “Development of a multi-spectral imaging system for medical applications,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 36(14), 1663–1668 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

Y. N. Mirabal, S. K. Chang, E. N. Atkinson, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Reflectance spectroscopy for in vivo detection of cervical precancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(4), 587–594 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2000 (1)

N. Gat, “Imaging spectroscopy using tunable filters: A review,” Proc. SPIE 4056, 50–64 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

Aerts, J. G.

M. P. Bard, A. Amelink, V. N. Hegt, W. J. Graveland, H. J. Sterenborg, H. C. Hoogsteden, and J. G. Aerts, “Measurement of hypoxia-related parameters in bronchial mucosa by use of optical spectroscopy,” Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171(10), 1178–1184 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Amelink, A.

M. P. Bard, A. Amelink, V. N. Hegt, W. J. Graveland, H. J. Sterenborg, H. C. Hoogsteden, and J. G. Aerts, “Measurement of hypoxia-related parameters in bronchial mucosa by use of optical spectroscopy,” Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171(10), 1178–1184 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Amelink, H. J. C. M. Sterenborg, M. P. L. Bard, and S. A. Burgers, “In vivo measurement of the local optical properties of tissue by use of differential path-length spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett. 29(10), 1087–1089 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Atkinson, E. N.

Y. N. Mirabal, S. K. Chang, E. N. Atkinson, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Reflectance spectroscopy for in vivo detection of cervical precancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(4), 587–594 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Backhaus, J.

V. R. Kondepati, J. Zimmermann, M. Keese, J. Sturm, B. C. Manegold, and J. Backhaus, “Near-infrared fiber optic spectroscopy as a novel diagnostic tool for the detection of pancreatic cancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(5), 054016 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Backman, V.

Bard, M. P.

M. P. Bard, A. Amelink, V. N. Hegt, W. J. Graveland, H. J. Sterenborg, H. C. Hoogsteden, and J. G. Aerts, “Measurement of hypoxia-related parameters in bronchial mucosa by use of optical spectroscopy,” Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171(10), 1178–1184 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bard, M. P. L.

Bedard, N.

R. T. Kester, N. Bedard, L. Gao, and T. S. Tkaczyk, “Real-time snapshot hyperspectral imaging endoscope,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(5), 056005 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Burgers, S. A.

Carp, S. A.

S. A. Carp, S. A. Prahl, and V. Venugopalan, “Radiative transport in the delta-P1 approximation: accuracy of fluence rate and optical penetration depth predictions in turbid semi-infinite media,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9(3), 632–647 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chang, S. K.

Y. N. Mirabal, S. K. Chang, E. N. Atkinson, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Reflectance spectroscopy for in vivo detection of cervical precancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(4), 587–594 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Choudhury, N.

Claridge, E.

E. Claridge, D. Hidoviv, P. Taniere, and T. Ismail, “Quantifying mucosal blood volume fraction from multispectral images of colon,” Proc. SPIE 6511, 65110C (2007).
[Crossref]

Cullum, B.

T. Vo-Dinh, B. Cullum, and P. Kasili, “Development of a multi-spectral imaging system for medical applications,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 36(14), 1663–1668 (2003).
[Crossref]

Dhillon, P.

D. Reinders, D. Snead, P. Dhillon, and Y. Fawzy, “Endobronchial cancer detection using an integrated bronchoscopy system for simultaneous imaging and noncontact spectral measurement,” J. Bronchology Interv. Pulmonol. 16(3), 158–167 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

El-Naggar, A. K.

D. Roblyer, R. Richards-Kortum, K. Sokolov, A. K. El-Naggar, M. D. Williams, C. Kurachi, and A. M. Gillenwater, “Multispectral optical imaging device for in vivo detection of oral neoplasia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(2), 024019 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fawzy, Y.

D. Reinders, D. Snead, P. Dhillon, and Y. Fawzy, “Endobronchial cancer detection using an integrated bronchoscopy system for simultaneous imaging and noncontact spectral measurement,” J. Bronchology Interv. Pulmonol. 16(3), 158–167 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fawzy, Y. S.

Y. S. Fawzy, M. Petek, M. Tercelj, and H. Zeng, “In vivo assessment and evaluation of lung tissue morphologic and physiological changes from non-contact endoscopic reflectance spectroscopy for improving lung cancer detection,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11(4), 044003 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Feld, M. S.

Fitzmaurice, M.

Follen, M.

Y. N. Mirabal, S. K. Chang, E. N. Atkinson, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Reflectance spectroscopy for in vivo detection of cervical precancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(4), 587–594 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gao, L.

R. T. Kester, N. Bedard, L. Gao, and T. S. Tkaczyk, “Real-time snapshot hyperspectral imaging endoscope,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(5), 056005 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gat, N.

N. Gat, “Imaging spectroscopy using tunable filters: A review,” Proc. SPIE 4056, 50–64 (2000).
[Crossref]

Gebhart, S. C.

Gillenwater, A. M.

D. Roblyer, R. Richards-Kortum, K. Sokolov, A. K. El-Naggar, M. D. Williams, C. Kurachi, and A. M. Gillenwater, “Multispectral optical imaging device for in vivo detection of oral neoplasia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(2), 024019 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Graveland, W. J.

M. P. Bard, A. Amelink, V. N. Hegt, W. J. Graveland, H. J. Sterenborg, H. C. Hoogsteden, and J. G. Aerts, “Measurement of hypoxia-related parameters in bronchial mucosa by use of optical spectroscopy,” Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171(10), 1178–1184 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hayakawa, C. K.

I. Seo, C. K. Hayakawa, and V. Venugopalan, “Radiative transport in the delta-P1 approximation for semi-infinite turbid media,” Med. Phys. 35(2), 681–693 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hegt, V. N.

M. P. Bard, A. Amelink, V. N. Hegt, W. J. Graveland, H. J. Sterenborg, H. C. Hoogsteden, and J. G. Aerts, “Measurement of hypoxia-related parameters in bronchial mucosa by use of optical spectroscopy,” Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171(10), 1178–1184 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hidoviv, D.

E. Claridge, D. Hidoviv, P. Taniere, and T. Ismail, “Quantifying mucosal blood volume fraction from multispectral images of colon,” Proc. SPIE 6511, 65110C (2007).
[Crossref]

Hoogsteden, H. C.

M. P. Bard, A. Amelink, V. N. Hegt, W. J. Graveland, H. J. Sterenborg, H. C. Hoogsteden, and J. G. Aerts, “Measurement of hypoxia-related parameters in bronchial mucosa by use of optical spectroscopy,” Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171(10), 1178–1184 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ismail, T.

E. Claridge, D. Hidoviv, P. Taniere, and T. Ismail, “Quantifying mucosal blood volume fraction from multispectral images of colon,” Proc. SPIE 6511, 65110C (2007).
[Crossref]

Jacques, S. L.

Kasili, P.

T. Vo-Dinh, B. Cullum, and P. Kasili, “Development of a multi-spectral imaging system for medical applications,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 36(14), 1663–1668 (2003).
[Crossref]

Keese, M.

V. R. Kondepati, J. Zimmermann, M. Keese, J. Sturm, B. C. Manegold, and J. Backhaus, “Near-infrared fiber optic spectroscopy as a novel diagnostic tool for the detection of pancreatic cancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(5), 054016 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kester, R. T.

R. T. Kester, N. Bedard, L. Gao, and T. S. Tkaczyk, “Real-time snapshot hyperspectral imaging endoscope,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(5), 056005 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kim, Y. L.

Kondepati, V. R.

V. R. Kondepati, J. Zimmermann, M. Keese, J. Sturm, B. C. Manegold, and J. Backhaus, “Near-infrared fiber optic spectroscopy as a novel diagnostic tool for the detection of pancreatic cancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(5), 054016 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kurachi, C.

D. Roblyer, R. Richards-Kortum, K. Sokolov, A. K. El-Naggar, M. D. Williams, C. Kurachi, and A. M. Gillenwater, “Multispectral optical imaging device for in vivo detection of oral neoplasia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(2), 024019 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lam, S.

Mahadevan-Jansen, A.

Malpica, A.

Y. N. Mirabal, S. K. Chang, E. N. Atkinson, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Reflectance spectroscopy for in vivo detection of cervical precancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(4), 587–594 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Manegold, B. C.

V. R. Kondepati, J. Zimmermann, M. Keese, J. Sturm, B. C. Manegold, and J. Backhaus, “Near-infrared fiber optic spectroscopy as a novel diagnostic tool for the detection of pancreatic cancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(5), 054016 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Manoharan, R.

McWilliams, A.

Mirabal, Y. N.

Y. N. Mirabal, S. K. Chang, E. N. Atkinson, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Reflectance spectroscopy for in vivo detection of cervical precancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(4), 587–594 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Palcic, B.

Perelman, L. T.

Petek, M.

Y. S. Fawzy, M. Petek, M. Tercelj, and H. Zeng, “In vivo assessment and evaluation of lung tissue morphologic and physiological changes from non-contact endoscopic reflectance spectroscopy for improving lung cancer detection,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11(4), 044003 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Zeng, M. Petek, M. T. Zorman, A. McWilliams, B. Palcic, and S. Lam, “Integrated endoscopy system for simultaneous imaging and spectroscopy for early lung cancer detection,” Opt. Lett. 29(6), 587–589 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Prahl, S. A.

S. A. Carp, S. A. Prahl, and V. Venugopalan, “Radiative transport in the delta-P1 approximation: accuracy of fluence rate and optical penetration depth predictions in turbid semi-infinite media,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9(3), 632–647 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Reinders, D.

D. Reinders, D. Snead, P. Dhillon, and Y. Fawzy, “Endobronchial cancer detection using an integrated bronchoscopy system for simultaneous imaging and noncontact spectral measurement,” J. Bronchology Interv. Pulmonol. 16(3), 158–167 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Richards-Kortum, R.

D. Roblyer, R. Richards-Kortum, K. Sokolov, A. K. El-Naggar, M. D. Williams, C. Kurachi, and A. M. Gillenwater, “Multispectral optical imaging device for in vivo detection of oral neoplasia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(2), 024019 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. N. Mirabal, S. K. Chang, E. N. Atkinson, A. Malpica, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Reflectance spectroscopy for in vivo detection of cervical precancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(4), 587–594 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Roblyer, D.

D. Roblyer, R. Richards-Kortum, K. Sokolov, A. K. El-Naggar, M. D. Williams, C. Kurachi, and A. M. Gillenwater, “Multispectral optical imaging device for in vivo detection of oral neoplasia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(2), 024019 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Roy, H. K.

Samatham, R.

Seo, I.

I. Seo, C. K. Hayakawa, and V. Venugopalan, “Radiative transport in the delta-P1 approximation for semi-infinite turbid media,” Med. Phys. 35(2), 681–693 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Siegel, M. P.

Snead, D.

D. Reinders, D. Snead, P. Dhillon, and Y. Fawzy, “Endobronchial cancer detection using an integrated bronchoscopy system for simultaneous imaging and noncontact spectral measurement,” J. Bronchology Interv. Pulmonol. 16(3), 158–167 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sokolov, K.

D. Roblyer, R. Richards-Kortum, K. Sokolov, A. K. El-Naggar, M. D. Williams, C. Kurachi, and A. M. Gillenwater, “Multispectral optical imaging device for in vivo detection of oral neoplasia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(2), 024019 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sterenborg, H. J.

M. P. Bard, A. Amelink, V. N. Hegt, W. J. Graveland, H. J. Sterenborg, H. C. Hoogsteden, and J. G. Aerts, “Measurement of hypoxia-related parameters in bronchial mucosa by use of optical spectroscopy,” Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171(10), 1178–1184 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sterenborg, H. J. C. M.

Sturm, J.

V. R. Kondepati, J. Zimmermann, M. Keese, J. Sturm, B. C. Manegold, and J. Backhaus, “Near-infrared fiber optic spectroscopy as a novel diagnostic tool for the detection of pancreatic cancer,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(5), 054016 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Taniere, P.

E. Claridge, D. Hidoviv, P. Taniere, and T. Ismail, “Quantifying mucosal blood volume fraction from multispectral images of colon,” Proc. SPIE 6511, 65110C (2007).
[Crossref]

Tercelj, M.

Y. S. Fawzy, M. Petek, M. Tercelj, and H. Zeng, “In vivo assessment and evaluation of lung tissue morphologic and physiological changes from non-contact endoscopic reflectance spectroscopy for improving lung cancer detection,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11(4), 044003 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Thompson, R. C.

Tkaczyk, T. S.

R. T. Kester, N. Bedard, L. Gao, and T. S. Tkaczyk, “Real-time snapshot hyperspectral imaging endoscope,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(5), 056005 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Van Dam, J.

Venugopalan, V.

I. Seo, C. K. Hayakawa, and V. Venugopalan, “Radiative transport in the delta-P1 approximation for semi-infinite turbid media,” Med. Phys. 35(2), 681–693 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. A. Carp, S. A. Prahl, and V. Venugopalan, “Radiative transport in the delta-P1 approximation: accuracy of fluence rate and optical penetration depth predictions in turbid semi-infinite media,” J. Biomed. Opt. 9(3), 632–647 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Vo-Dinh, T.

T. Vo-Dinh, B. Cullum, and P. Kasili, “Development of a multi-spectral imaging system for medical applications,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 36(14), 1663–1668 (2003).
[Crossref]

Wali, R. K.

Williams, M. D.

D. Roblyer, R. Richards-Kortum, K. Sokolov, A. K. El-Naggar, M. D. Williams, C. Kurachi, and A. M. Gillenwater, “Multispectral optical imaging device for in vivo detection of oral neoplasia,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(2), 024019 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yuan, B.

B. Yuan, “Radiative transport in the delta-P1 approximation for laminar optical tomography,” J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 2(2), 149–163 (2009).
[Crossref]

Zeng, H.

Y. S. Fawzy, M. Petek, M. Tercelj, and H. Zeng, “In vivo assessment and evaluation of lung tissue morphologic and physiological changes from non-contact endoscopic reflectance spectroscopy for improving lung cancer detection,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11(4), 044003 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Figures (9)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Functional block diagram of the real-time multi-spectral endoscopic imaging system.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 RGB Triple-band filter output spectra. Solid fill for filter #1 and line fill for filter #6.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Typical spectral responses of the color CCD used in our system (obtained from Sony ICX618AQA data sheet).

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Color images (RGB versus Spectral Color) and example single band spectral images of the lung mucosa acquired at different wavelengths within 400-760 nm.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Correlation between 18 bands spectral mapping plus linear matrix-inversion method (TOIr, Bvr) and full spectral measurement obtained with point spectrometer plus nonlinear least-square fit method (TOI, Bv). (A) tissue blood oxygen saturation index (TOIr vs.TOI); (B) tissue blood volume fraction (BVr vs. Bv).

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 (A) Schematics shows the different positions/orientations of the endoscopy tip during measurements, (B) Normalized mean and standard deviation of the k values calculated from measurements conducted at multiple point within a given image view for three different endoscope tip orientations (Mi).

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 (A) Measured reflectance spectra from the same point of a red color standard, but with different orientations of endosocpe tip (Mi). (B) Corrected reflectance spectra by calibrating the measured spectra of (A).

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8 (A) Endoscopic image showing two arbitrary locations selected for multi-spectral analysis and marked as A1 and A2. (B) Tissue reflectance spectra (after calibration) at the two locations. (C) Estimated blood volume and oxygen saturation index at the two locations.

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Fig. 9
Fig. 9 Sample images of (A) blood volume mapping, (B) tissue oxygenation index mapping, and (C) corresponding spectral color image.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1 Computation Speed Analysis Results

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Equations (9)

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C B = T Bb1 I b1 + T Bg1 I g1 + T Br1 I r1
C G = T Gb1 I b1 + T Gg1 I g1 + T Gr1 I r1
C R = T Rb1 I b1 + T Rg1 I g1 + T Rr1 I r1
C= T RGB *I
R di (λ)=[ R mi (λ)/ R stdi (λ)]*ki
R d =A[α( γ )+β( γ )],
μ a ( λ )=BS μ a.oxy( λ ) +B(1−S) μ a.deoxy( λ ) +W μ a.water( λ )
μ s ' ( λ )= V s  λ −κ
X= A −1 *Y

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