Study of broadband near-infrared emission in Tm3+-Er3+ codoped TeO2-WO3-PbO glasses

R. Balda; J. Fernández; J.M. Fernández-Navarro

doi:10.1364/OE.17.008781

Study of broadband near-infrared emission in Tm³⁺-Er³⁺ codoped TeO₂-WO₃-PbO glasses

R. Balda, J. Fernández, and J.M. Fernández-Navarro

Optics Express
Vol. 17,
Issue 11,
pp. 8781-8788
(2009)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.008781

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R. Balda, J. Fernández, and J.M. Fernández-Navarro, "Study of broadband near-infrared emission in Tm³⁺-Er³⁺ codoped TeO₂-WO₃-PbO glasses," Opt. Express 17, 8781-8788 (2009)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Materials
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Rare-earth-doped materials (160.5690)
- Spectroscopy, fluorescence and luminescence (300.6280)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: February 20, 2009
- Revised Manuscript: May 5, 2009
- Manuscript Accepted: May 5, 2009
- Published: May 11, 2009

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

In this work, we report the near-infrared emission properties of Tm³⁺-Er³⁺ codoped tellurite TeO₂-WO₃-PbO glasses under 794 nm excitation. A broad emission from 1350 to 1750 nm corresponding to the Tm³⁺ and Er³⁺ emissions is observed. The full width at half-maximum of this broadband increases with increasing [Tm]/[Er] concentration ratio up to a value of ~ 160 nm. The energy transfer between Tm³⁺ and Er³⁺ ions is evidenced by both the temporal behavior of the near-infrared luminescence and the effect of Tm³⁺ codoping on the visible upconversion of Er³⁺ ions.

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References

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|
Author
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Publication

H. Jeong, K. Oh, S.R. Han, and T.F. Morse, “Characterization of broadband amplified spontaneous emission from a Er3+-Tm3+ co-doped silica fiber,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 367, 507–511 (2003).
[Crossref]
Lihui Huang, Anismesh Jha, Shaoxiong Shen, and Xiaobo Liu, “Broadband emission in Er3+-Tm3+ codoped tellurite fibre,” Opt. Express 12, 2429–2434 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Z. Xiao, R. Serna, and C.N. Afonso, “Broadband emission in Er-Tm codoped Al2O3 films: The role of energy transfer from Er to Tm,” J. Appl. Phys. 101, 033112–6 (2007).
[Crossref]
J.S. Wang, E.M. Vogel, and E. Snitzer, “Tellurite glass: a new candidate for fiber devices,” Opt. Mater. 3, 187–203 (1994).
[Crossref]
R.A.H. El-Mallawany, Tellurite Glasses Handbook-Physical Properties and Data, (CRC Boca Raton, FL2001).
[Crossref]
S.Q. Man, E.Y.B. Pun, and P.S. Chung, “Tellurite glasses for 1.3 μm optical amplifiers,” Opt. Commun. 168, 369–373 (1999).
[Crossref]
M. Yamada, A. Mori, K. Kobayashi, H. Ono, T. Kanamori, K. Oikawa, Y. Nishida, and Y. Ohishi, “Gain-flattened tellurite-based EDFA with a flat amplification bandwidth of 76 nm,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10, 1244–1246 (1998).
[Crossref]
S. Shen, A. Jha, L. Huang, and P. Joshi, “980-nm diode-pumped Tm3+/Yb3+-codoped tellurite fiber for S-band amplification,” Opt. Lett. 30, 1437–1439 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Aiko Narazaki, Katsuhisa Tanaka, Kazuyuki Hirao, and Naohiro Soga, “Induction and relaxation of optical second-order nonlinearity in tellurite glasses,” J. Appl. Phys. 85, 2046–2051 (1999).
[Crossref]
S. Tanabe, K. Hirao, and N. Soga, “Upconversion fluorescences of TeO2- and Ga2O3-based oxide glasses containing Er3+,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 122, 79–82 (1990).
[Crossref]
Y. Ohishi, A. Mori, M. Yamada, H. Ono, Y. Nishida, and K. Oikawa, “Gain characteristics of tellurite-based erbium-doped fiber amplifiers for 1.5 μm broadband amplification,” Opt. Lett. 23, 274–276 (1998).
[Crossref]
A. Mori, “1.58-μm Broad-band erbium-doped tellurite fiber amplifier,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. LT-20, 822–827 (2002).
[Crossref]
R. Balda, J. Fernández, M.A. Arriandiaga, and J. Fernández-Navarro, “Spectroscopy and frequency upconversion in Nd3+ doped TeO2-TiO2-Nb2O5 glass,” J. Phys.: Conden. Matter 19, 086223–086234 (2007).
[Crossref]
I. Iparraguirre, J. Azkargorta, J.M. Fernández-Navarro, M. Al-Saleh, J. Fernández, and R. Balda, “Laser action and upconversion of Nd3+ in tellurite bulk glass”, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 353, 990–992 (2007).
[Crossref]
B. Richards, Y. Tsang, D. Binks, J. Lousteau, and A. Jha, “Efficient 2 μm Tm3+-doped tellurite fiber laser,” Opt. Lett. 33, 402–404 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
N.V. Ovcharenko and T.V. Smirnova, “High refractive index and magneto-optical glasses in the systems TeO2-WO3-Bi2O3 and TeO2-WO3-PbO,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 291, 121–126 (2001).
[Crossref]
M. Naftaly, S. Shen, and A. Jha, “Tm3+-doped tellurite glass for a broadband amplifier at 1.47 μm,” Appl. Opt. 39, 4979–4984 (2000).
[Crossref]
R. Balda, L.M. Lacha, J. Fernández, M.A. Arriandiaga, J.M. Fernández-Navarro, and D. Munoz-Martin, “Spectroscopic properties of the 1.4 μm emission of Tm3+ ions in TeO2-WO3-PbO glasses,” Opt. Express 16, 11836–11846 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
D.C. Yeh, R.R. Petrin, W.A. Sibley, V. Madigou, J.L. Adam, and M.J. Suscavage, “Energy transfer between Er3+ and Tm3+ ions in a barium fluoride-thorium fluoride glass,” Phys. Rev. B 39, 80–90 (1989).
[Crossref]
X. Zou, A. Shikida, H. Yanagita, and H. Toratani, “Mechanisms of upconversion fluorescences in Er3+, Tm3+ codoped fluorozircoaluminate glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 181, 100–109 (1995).
[Crossref]
A.B. de Souza, M.T. de Araujo, M.V.D. Vermelho, F.C. Cassanjes, S.J.L. Ribeiro, and Y. Messaddeq, “Energy transfer between Tm3+ and Er3+ ions in TeO2-based glass pumped at diode laser wavelength,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 353, 94–101 (2007).
[Crossref]
S. Tanabe, K. Suzuki, N. Soga, and T. Hanada, “Selective sensitization of 480-nm blue upconversion by Tm3+-Er3+ energy transfer in tellurite glass,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 933–942 (1994).
[Crossref]

2008 (2)

B. Richards, Y. Tsang, D. Binks, J. Lousteau, and A. Jha, “Efficient 2 μm Tm3+-doped tellurite fiber laser,” Opt. Lett. 33, 402–404 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Balda, L.M. Lacha, J. Fernández, M.A. Arriandiaga, J.M. Fernández-Navarro, and D. Munoz-Martin, “Spectroscopic properties of the 1.4 μm emission of Tm3+ ions in TeO2-WO3-PbO glasses,” Opt. Express 16, 11836–11846 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (4)

R. Balda, J. Fernández, M.A. Arriandiaga, and J. Fernández-Navarro, “Spectroscopy and frequency upconversion in Nd3+ doped TeO2-TiO2-Nb2O5 glass,” J. Phys.: Conden. Matter 19, 086223–086234 (2007).
[Crossref]

I. Iparraguirre, J. Azkargorta, J.M. Fernández-Navarro, M. Al-Saleh, J. Fernández, and R. Balda, “Laser action and upconversion of Nd3+ in tellurite bulk glass”, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 353, 990–992 (2007).
[Crossref]

Z. Xiao, R. Serna, and C.N. Afonso, “Broadband emission in Er-Tm codoped Al2O3 films: The role of energy transfer from Er to Tm,” J. Appl. Phys. 101, 033112–6 (2007).
[Crossref]

A.B. de Souza, M.T. de Araujo, M.V.D. Vermelho, F.C. Cassanjes, S.J.L. Ribeiro, and Y. Messaddeq, “Energy transfer between Tm3+ and Er3+ ions in TeO2-based glass pumped at diode laser wavelength,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 353, 94–101 (2007).
[Crossref]

2005 (1)

S. Shen, A. Jha, L. Huang, and P. Joshi, “980-nm diode-pumped Tm3+/Yb3+-codoped tellurite fiber for S-band amplification,” Opt. Lett. 30, 1437–1439 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (1)

Lihui Huang, Anismesh Jha, Shaoxiong Shen, and Xiaobo Liu, “Broadband emission in Er3+-Tm3+ codoped tellurite fibre,” Opt. Express 12, 2429–2434 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (1)

H. Jeong, K. Oh, S.R. Han, and T.F. Morse, “Characterization of broadband amplified spontaneous emission from a Er3+-Tm3+ co-doped silica fiber,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 367, 507–511 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

A. Mori, “1.58-μm Broad-band erbium-doped tellurite fiber amplifier,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. LT-20, 822–827 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

N.V. Ovcharenko and T.V. Smirnova, “High refractive index and magneto-optical glasses in the systems TeO2-WO3-Bi2O3 and TeO2-WO3-PbO,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 291, 121–126 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

M. Naftaly, S. Shen, and A. Jha, “Tm3+-doped tellurite glass for a broadband amplifier at 1.47 μm,” Appl. Opt. 39, 4979–4984 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (2)

Aiko Narazaki, Katsuhisa Tanaka, Kazuyuki Hirao, and Naohiro Soga, “Induction and relaxation of optical second-order nonlinearity in tellurite glasses,” J. Appl. Phys. 85, 2046–2051 (1999).
[Crossref]

S.Q. Man, E.Y.B. Pun, and P.S. Chung, “Tellurite glasses for 1.3 μm optical amplifiers,” Opt. Commun. 168, 369–373 (1999).
[Crossref]

1998 (2)

M. Yamada, A. Mori, K. Kobayashi, H. Ono, T. Kanamori, K. Oikawa, Y. Nishida, and Y. Ohishi, “Gain-flattened tellurite-based EDFA with a flat amplification bandwidth of 76 nm,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10, 1244–1246 (1998).
[Crossref]

Y. Ohishi, A. Mori, M. Yamada, H. Ono, Y. Nishida, and K. Oikawa, “Gain characteristics of tellurite-based erbium-doped fiber amplifiers for 1.5 μm broadband amplification,” Opt. Lett. 23, 274–276 (1998).
[Crossref]

1995 (1)

X. Zou, A. Shikida, H. Yanagita, and H. Toratani, “Mechanisms of upconversion fluorescences in Er3+, Tm3+ codoped fluorozircoaluminate glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 181, 100–109 (1995).
[Crossref]

1994 (2)

S. Tanabe, K. Suzuki, N. Soga, and T. Hanada, “Selective sensitization of 480-nm blue upconversion by Tm3+-Er3+ energy transfer in tellurite glass,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 933–942 (1994).
[Crossref]

J.S. Wang, E.M. Vogel, and E. Snitzer, “Tellurite glass: a new candidate for fiber devices,” Opt. Mater. 3, 187–203 (1994).
[Crossref]

1990 (1)

S. Tanabe, K. Hirao, and N. Soga, “Upconversion fluorescences of TeO2- and Ga2O3-based oxide glasses containing Er3+,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 122, 79–82 (1990).
[Crossref]

1989 (1)

D.C. Yeh, R.R. Petrin, W.A. Sibley, V. Madigou, J.L. Adam, and M.J. Suscavage, “Energy transfer between Er3+ and Tm3+ ions in a barium fluoride-thorium fluoride glass,” Phys. Rev. B 39, 80–90 (1989).
[Crossref]

Adam, J.L.

Afonso, C.N.

Z. Xiao, R. Serna, and C.N. Afonso, “Broadband emission in Er-Tm codoped Al2O3 films: The role of energy transfer from Er to Tm,” J. Appl. Phys. 101, 033112–6 (2007).
[Crossref]

Al-Saleh, M.

Araujo, M.T. de

Arriandiaga, M.A.

Azkargorta, J.

Balda, R.

Binks, D.

B. Richards, Y. Tsang, D. Binks, J. Lousteau, and A. Jha, “Efficient 2 μm Tm3+-doped tellurite fiber laser,” Opt. Lett. 33, 402–404 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cassanjes, F.C.

Chung, P.S.

S.Q. Man, E.Y.B. Pun, and P.S. Chung, “Tellurite glasses for 1.3 μm optical amplifiers,” Opt. Commun. 168, 369–373 (1999).
[Crossref]

El-Mallawany, R.A.H.

R.A.H. El-Mallawany, Tellurite Glasses Handbook-Physical Properties and Data, (CRC Boca Raton, FL2001).
[Crossref]

Fernández, J.

Fernández-Navarro, J.

Fernández-Navarro, J.M.

Han, S.R.

Hanada, T.

Hirao, K.

S. Tanabe, K. Hirao, and N. Soga, “Upconversion fluorescences of TeO2- and Ga2O3-based oxide glasses containing Er3+,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 122, 79–82 (1990).
[Crossref]

Hirao, Kazuyuki

Huang, L.

S. Shen, A. Jha, L. Huang, and P. Joshi, “980-nm diode-pumped Tm3+/Yb3+-codoped tellurite fiber for S-band amplification,” Opt. Lett. 30, 1437–1439 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Huang, Lihui

Lihui Huang, Anismesh Jha, Shaoxiong Shen, and Xiaobo Liu, “Broadband emission in Er3+-Tm3+ codoped tellurite fibre,” Opt. Express 12, 2429–2434 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Iparraguirre, I.

Jeong, H.

Kanamori, T.

Kobayashi, K.

Lacha, L.M.

Liu, Xiaobo

Lihui Huang, Anismesh Jha, Shaoxiong Shen, and Xiaobo Liu, “Broadband emission in Er3+-Tm3+ codoped tellurite fibre,” Opt. Express 12, 2429–2434 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lousteau, J.

B. Richards, Y. Tsang, D. Binks, J. Lousteau, and A. Jha, “Efficient 2 μm Tm3+-doped tellurite fiber laser,” Opt. Lett. 33, 402–404 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Madigou, V.

Man, S.Q.

S.Q. Man, E.Y.B. Pun, and P.S. Chung, “Tellurite glasses for 1.3 μm optical amplifiers,” Opt. Commun. 168, 369–373 (1999).
[Crossref]

Messaddeq, Y.

Mori, A.

A. Mori, “1.58-μm Broad-band erbium-doped tellurite fiber amplifier,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. LT-20, 822–827 (2002).
[Crossref]

Morse, T.F.

Munoz-Martin, D.

Naftaly, M.

M. Naftaly, S. Shen, and A. Jha, “Tm3+-doped tellurite glass for a broadband amplifier at 1.47 μm,” Appl. Opt. 39, 4979–4984 (2000).
[Crossref]

Narazaki, Aiko

Nishida, Y.

Oh, K.

Ohishi, Y.

Oikawa, K.

Ono, H.

Ovcharenko, N.V.

N.V. Ovcharenko and T.V. Smirnova, “High refractive index and magneto-optical glasses in the systems TeO2-WO3-Bi2O3 and TeO2-WO3-PbO,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 291, 121–126 (2001).
[Crossref]

Petrin, R.R.

Pun, E.Y.B.

S.Q. Man, E.Y.B. Pun, and P.S. Chung, “Tellurite glasses for 1.3 μm optical amplifiers,” Opt. Commun. 168, 369–373 (1999).
[Crossref]

Ribeiro, S.J.L.

Richards, B.

B. Richards, Y. Tsang, D. Binks, J. Lousteau, and A. Jha, “Efficient 2 μm Tm3+-doped tellurite fiber laser,” Opt. Lett. 33, 402–404 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Serna, R.

Z. Xiao, R. Serna, and C.N. Afonso, “Broadband emission in Er-Tm codoped Al2O3 films: The role of energy transfer from Er to Tm,” J. Appl. Phys. 101, 033112–6 (2007).
[Crossref]

Shen, S.

S. Shen, A. Jha, L. Huang, and P. Joshi, “980-nm diode-pumped Tm3+/Yb3+-codoped tellurite fiber for S-band amplification,” Opt. Lett. 30, 1437–1439 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Naftaly, S. Shen, and A. Jha, “Tm3+-doped tellurite glass for a broadband amplifier at 1.47 μm,” Appl. Opt. 39, 4979–4984 (2000).
[Crossref]

Shen, Shaoxiong

Lihui Huang, Anismesh Jha, Shaoxiong Shen, and Xiaobo Liu, “Broadband emission in Er3+-Tm3+ codoped tellurite fibre,” Opt. Express 12, 2429–2434 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shikida, A.

Sibley, W.A.

Smirnova, T.V.

N.V. Ovcharenko and T.V. Smirnova, “High refractive index and magneto-optical glasses in the systems TeO2-WO3-Bi2O3 and TeO2-WO3-PbO,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 291, 121–126 (2001).
[Crossref]

Snitzer, E.

J.S. Wang, E.M. Vogel, and E. Snitzer, “Tellurite glass: a new candidate for fiber devices,” Opt. Mater. 3, 187–203 (1994).
[Crossref]

Soga, N.

S. Tanabe, K. Hirao, and N. Soga, “Upconversion fluorescences of TeO2- and Ga2O3-based oxide glasses containing Er3+,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 122, 79–82 (1990).
[Crossref]

Soga, Naohiro

Souza, A.B. de

Suscavage, M.J.

Suzuki, K.

Tanabe, S.

S. Tanabe, K. Hirao, and N. Soga, “Upconversion fluorescences of TeO2- and Ga2O3-based oxide glasses containing Er3+,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 122, 79–82 (1990).
[Crossref]

Tanaka, Katsuhisa

Toratani, H.

Tsang, Y.

B. Richards, Y. Tsang, D. Binks, J. Lousteau, and A. Jha, “Efficient 2 μm Tm3+-doped tellurite fiber laser,” Opt. Lett. 33, 402–404 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Vermelho, M.V.D.

Vogel, E.M.

J.S. Wang, E.M. Vogel, and E. Snitzer, “Tellurite glass: a new candidate for fiber devices,” Opt. Mater. 3, 187–203 (1994).
[Crossref]

Wang, J.S.

J.S. Wang, E.M. Vogel, and E. Snitzer, “Tellurite glass: a new candidate for fiber devices,” Opt. Mater. 3, 187–203 (1994).
[Crossref]

Xiao, Z.

Z. Xiao, R. Serna, and C.N. Afonso, “Broadband emission in Er-Tm codoped Al2O3 films: The role of energy transfer from Er to Tm,” J. Appl. Phys. 101, 033112–6 (2007).
[Crossref]

Yamada, M.

Yanagita, H.

Yeh, D.C.

Zou, X.

Appl. Opt. (1)

M. Naftaly, S. Shen, and A. Jha, “Tm3+-doped tellurite glass for a broadband amplifier at 1.47 μm,” Appl. Opt. 39, 4979–4984 (2000).
[Crossref]

Chem. Phys. Lett. (1)

IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. (1)

A. Mori, “1.58-μm Broad-band erbium-doped tellurite fiber amplifier,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. LT-20, 822–827 (2002).
[Crossref]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. (1)

J. Appl. Phys. (2)

Z. Xiao, R. Serna, and C.N. Afonso, “Broadband emission in Er-Tm codoped Al2O3 films: The role of energy transfer from Er to Tm,” J. Appl. Phys. 101, 033112–6 (2007).
[Crossref]

J. Non-Cryst. Solids (5)

S. Tanabe, K. Hirao, and N. Soga, “Upconversion fluorescences of TeO2- and Ga2O3-based oxide glasses containing Er3+,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 122, 79–82 (1990).
[Crossref]

N.V. Ovcharenko and T.V. Smirnova, “High refractive index and magneto-optical glasses in the systems TeO2-WO3-Bi2O3 and TeO2-WO3-PbO,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 291, 121–126 (2001).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

J. Phys.: Conden. Matter (1)

Opt. Commun. (1)

S.Q. Man, E.Y.B. Pun, and P.S. Chung, “Tellurite glasses for 1.3 μm optical amplifiers,” Opt. Commun. 168, 369–373 (1999).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (2)

Lihui Huang, Anismesh Jha, Shaoxiong Shen, and Xiaobo Liu, “Broadband emission in Er3+-Tm3+ codoped tellurite fibre,” Opt. Express 12, 2429–2434 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (3)

S. Shen, A. Jha, L. Huang, and P. Joshi, “980-nm diode-pumped Tm3+/Yb3+-codoped tellurite fiber for S-band amplification,” Opt. Lett. 30, 1437–1439 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Richards, Y. Tsang, D. Binks, J. Lousteau, and A. Jha, “Efficient 2 μm Tm3+-doped tellurite fiber laser,” Opt. Lett. 33, 402–404 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Mater. (1)

J.S. Wang, E.M. Vogel, and E. Snitzer, “Tellurite glass: a new candidate for fiber devices,” Opt. Mater. 3, 187–203 (1994).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. B (1)

Other (1)

R.A.H. El-Mallawany, Tellurite Glasses Handbook-Physical Properties and Data, (CRC Boca Raton, FL2001).
[Crossref]

Cited By

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Fig. 1. Room temperature absorption spectrum of the codoped sample with 0.5 wt% of Tm₂O₃ and 0.3 wt% of Er₂O₃ in TWP glass.

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Fig. 2. Room temperature emission spectra of Tm³⁺ and Er³⁺ in the codoped samples together with the emission spectrum of Er³⁺ ions in the single doped glass.

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Fig.3. (a) Lifetimes of the ⁴I_13/2→⁴I_15/2 emission (red) and Er³⁺-Tm³⁺ energy transfer efficiency (blue) as a function of Tm³⁺ concentration including zero. (b) Logarithmic plot of the fluorescence decays of the ⁴I_13/2→⁴I_15/2 emission as a function of Tm³⁺ concentration.

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Fig 4. Lifetimes of the ³H₄ level of Tm³⁺ ions in single doped samples (red) and in the codoped samples (blue).

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Fig. 5. Upconversion emission spectra of Er³⁺ ions in the single doped and codoped samples.

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Fig. 6. Energy level diagram of Tm³⁺ and Er³⁺ ions. Solid lines represent the absorption and near infrared emissions and dashed lines the possible cross-relaxation process.

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Equations (6)

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η_{t} = 1 - \frac{τ_{Tm - Er}}{τ_{Er}}

^{3} H_{4} \to^{3} H_{6} (T m^{3 +}) :^{4} I_{15 / 2} \to^{4} I_{9 / 2} (E r^{3 +})

^{3} H_{4} \to^{3} F_{4} (T m^{3 +}) :^{4} I_{15 / 2} \to^{4} I_{13 / 2} (E r^{3 +})

^{4} H_{11 / 2} \to^{4} F_{15 / 2} (E r^{3 +}) :^{3} H_{6} \to^{3} H_{5} (T m^{3 +})

^{4} I_{13 / 2} \to^{4} I_{15 / 2} (E r^{3 +}) :^{3} H_{6} \to^{3} F_{4} (T m^{3 +})

^{4} F_{4} \to^{3} H_{6} (T m^{3 +}) :^{4} I_{11 / 2} \to^{4} F_{9 / 2} ({Er}^{3 +})

Abstract

References

2008 (2)

2007 (4)

2005 (1)

2004 (1)

2003 (1)

2002 (1)

2001 (1)

2000 (1)

1999 (2)

1998 (2)

1995 (1)

1994 (2)

1990 (1)

1989 (1)

Adam, J.L.

Afonso, C.N.

Al-Saleh, M.

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