Compact optical 90° hybrid employing a tapered 2×4 MMI coupler serially connected by a 2×2 MMI coupler

Seok-Hwan Jeong; Ken Morito

doi:10.1364/OE.18.004275

Compact optical 90° hybrid employing a tapered 2×4 MMI coupler serially connected by a 2×2 MMI coupler

Seok-Hwan Jeong and Ken Morito

Optics Express
Vol. 18,
Issue 5,
pp. 4275-4288
(2010)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.004275

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Seok-Hwan Jeong and Ken Morito, "Compact optical 90° hybrid employing a tapered 2×4 MMI coupler serially connected by a 2×2 MMI coupler," Opt. Express 18, 4275-4288 (2010)

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Table of Contents Category
- Integrated Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Integrated optics devices (130.3120)
- Waveguides (230.7370)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: December 9, 2009
- Revised Manuscript: December 24, 2009
- Manuscript Accepted: December 30, 2009
- Published: February 17, 2010

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Open Access

Abstract

We propose a novel optical 90° hybrid employing a paired-interference-based tapered 2×4 multimode interference coupler and a 2×2 multimode interference coupler. It was experimentally shown that the proposed 90° hybrid has very short device length of less than 227 μm and is never accompanied by any waveguide intersections for coupling to balanced photodiodes. The proposed device exhibited quadrature phase response with a common-mode rejection ratio of more than 20dB and a phase deviation of less than 5° over C-band spectral range.

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References

View by:
Article Order
|
Year
|
Author
|
Publication

K. Kikuchi, “Phase-diversity homodyne detection of multilevel optical modulation with digital carrier phase estimation,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 12(4), 563–570 (2006).
[Crossref]
M. Seimetz and C. M. Weinert, “Options, feasibility and availability of 2×4 90° hybrids for coherent optical systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24(3), 1317–1322 (2006).
[Crossref]
D. Hoffmann, H. Heidrich, G. Wenke, R. Langenhorst, and E. Dietrich, “Integrated optics eight-port 90° hybrid on LiNbO3,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(5), 794–798 (1989).
[Crossref]
R. Kunkel, H. G. Bach, D. Hoffmann, C. M. Weinert, I. Molina-Fernandez, and R. Halir, “First monolithic InP-based 90° hybrid OEIC comprising balanced detectors for 100GE coherent frontends,” Proc. IPRM 2009, paper TuB2.2 (2009).
C. R. Doerr, D. M. Gill, A. H. Gnauck, L. L. Buhl, P. J. Winzer, M. A. Cappuzzo, A. Wong-Foy, E. Y. Chen, and L. T. Gomez, “Monolithic demodulator for 40-Gb/s DQPSK using a star coupler,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24(1), 171–174 (2006).
[Crossref]
C. R. Doerr, L. Zhangl, S. Chandrasekhar, and L. L. Buhl, “Monolithic DQPSK receiver in InP with low polarization sensitivity,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(21), 1765–1767 (2007).
[Crossref]
L. Zimmermann, K. Voigt, G. Winzer, K. Petermann, and C. M. Weinert, “C-band optical 90°-hybrids based on Silicon-on-insulator 4×4 waveguide coupler,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 21(3), 143–145 (2009).
[Crossref]
H. G. Bach, A. Matiss, C. C. Leonhardt, R. Kunkel, D. Schmidt, M. Schell, and A. Umbach, “Monolithic 90° hybrid with balanced pin photodiodes for 100 Gbit/s PM-QPSK receiver applications,” Proc. OFC 2009, paper OMK5 (2009).
M. Baudreau, M. Poirier, G. Yoffe, and B. Pezeshki, “An integrated InP coherent receiver for 40 and 100 Gb/sec telecommunications systems,” Proc. OFC 2009, paper OMK6 (2009).
S.-H. Jeong and K. Morito, “Optical 90° hybrid with broad operating bandwidth of 94 nm,” Opt. Lett. 34(22), 3505–3507 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
L. B. Soldano and C. M. Pennings, “Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging: Principles and Applications,” J. Lightwave Technol. 13(4), 615–627 (1995).
[Crossref]
D. S. Levy, R. Scarmozzino, and R. M. Osgood, “Length reduction of tapered N×N MMI devices,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10(6), 830–832 (1998).
[Crossref]

2009 (2)

L. Zimmermann, K. Voigt, G. Winzer, K. Petermann, and C. M. Weinert, “C-band optical 90°-hybrids based on Silicon-on-insulator 4×4 waveguide coupler,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 21(3), 143–145 (2009).
[Crossref]

S.-H. Jeong and K. Morito, “Optical 90° hybrid with broad operating bandwidth of 94 nm,” Opt. Lett. 34(22), 3505–3507 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (1)

C. R. Doerr, L. Zhangl, S. Chandrasekhar, and L. L. Buhl, “Monolithic DQPSK receiver in InP with low polarization sensitivity,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(21), 1765–1767 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (3)

C. R. Doerr, D. M. Gill, A. H. Gnauck, L. L. Buhl, P. J. Winzer, M. A. Cappuzzo, A. Wong-Foy, E. Y. Chen, and L. T. Gomez, “Monolithic demodulator for 40-Gb/s DQPSK using a star coupler,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24(1), 171–174 (2006).
[Crossref]

K. Kikuchi, “Phase-diversity homodyne detection of multilevel optical modulation with digital carrier phase estimation,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 12(4), 563–570 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. Seimetz and C. M. Weinert, “Options, feasibility and availability of 2×4 90° hybrids for coherent optical systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24(3), 1317–1322 (2006).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

D. S. Levy, R. Scarmozzino, and R. M. Osgood, “Length reduction of tapered N×N MMI devices,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10(6), 830–832 (1998).
[Crossref]

1995 (1)

L. B. Soldano and C. M. Pennings, “Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging: Principles and Applications,” J. Lightwave Technol. 13(4), 615–627 (1995).
[Crossref]

1989 (1)

D. Hoffmann, H. Heidrich, G. Wenke, R. Langenhorst, and E. Dietrich, “Integrated optics eight-port 90° hybrid on LiNbO3,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(5), 794–798 (1989).
[Crossref]

Buhl, L. L.

C. R. Doerr, L. Zhangl, S. Chandrasekhar, and L. L. Buhl, “Monolithic DQPSK receiver in InP with low polarization sensitivity,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(21), 1765–1767 (2007).
[Crossref]

Cappuzzo, M. A.

Chandrasekhar, S.

C. R. Doerr, L. Zhangl, S. Chandrasekhar, and L. L. Buhl, “Monolithic DQPSK receiver in InP with low polarization sensitivity,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(21), 1765–1767 (2007).
[Crossref]

Chen, E. Y.

Dietrich, E.

D. Hoffmann, H. Heidrich, G. Wenke, R. Langenhorst, and E. Dietrich, “Integrated optics eight-port 90° hybrid on LiNbO3,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(5), 794–798 (1989).
[Crossref]

Doerr, C. R.

C. R. Doerr, L. Zhangl, S. Chandrasekhar, and L. L. Buhl, “Monolithic DQPSK receiver in InP with low polarization sensitivity,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(21), 1765–1767 (2007).
[Crossref]

Gill, D. M.

Gnauck, A. H.

Gomez, L. T.

Heidrich, H.

D. Hoffmann, H. Heidrich, G. Wenke, R. Langenhorst, and E. Dietrich, “Integrated optics eight-port 90° hybrid on LiNbO3,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(5), 794–798 (1989).
[Crossref]

Hoffmann, D.

D. Hoffmann, H. Heidrich, G. Wenke, R. Langenhorst, and E. Dietrich, “Integrated optics eight-port 90° hybrid on LiNbO3,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(5), 794–798 (1989).
[Crossref]

Jeong, S.-H.

S.-H. Jeong and K. Morito, “Optical 90° hybrid with broad operating bandwidth of 94 nm,” Opt. Lett. 34(22), 3505–3507 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kikuchi, K.

K. Kikuchi, “Phase-diversity homodyne detection of multilevel optical modulation with digital carrier phase estimation,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 12(4), 563–570 (2006).
[Crossref]

Langenhorst, R.

D. Hoffmann, H. Heidrich, G. Wenke, R. Langenhorst, and E. Dietrich, “Integrated optics eight-port 90° hybrid on LiNbO3,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(5), 794–798 (1989).
[Crossref]

Levy, D. S.

D. S. Levy, R. Scarmozzino, and R. M. Osgood, “Length reduction of tapered N×N MMI devices,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10(6), 830–832 (1998).
[Crossref]

Morito, K.

S.-H. Jeong and K. Morito, “Optical 90° hybrid with broad operating bandwidth of 94 nm,” Opt. Lett. 34(22), 3505–3507 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Osgood, R. M.

D. S. Levy, R. Scarmozzino, and R. M. Osgood, “Length reduction of tapered N×N MMI devices,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10(6), 830–832 (1998).
[Crossref]

Pennings, C. M.

L. B. Soldano and C. M. Pennings, “Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging: Principles and Applications,” J. Lightwave Technol. 13(4), 615–627 (1995).
[Crossref]

Petermann, K.

Scarmozzino, R.

D. S. Levy, R. Scarmozzino, and R. M. Osgood, “Length reduction of tapered N×N MMI devices,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10(6), 830–832 (1998).
[Crossref]

Seimetz, M.

M. Seimetz and C. M. Weinert, “Options, feasibility and availability of 2×4 90° hybrids for coherent optical systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24(3), 1317–1322 (2006).
[Crossref]

Soldano, L. B.

L. B. Soldano and C. M. Pennings, “Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging: Principles and Applications,” J. Lightwave Technol. 13(4), 615–627 (1995).
[Crossref]

Voigt, K.

Weinert, C. M.

M. Seimetz and C. M. Weinert, “Options, feasibility and availability of 2×4 90° hybrids for coherent optical systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24(3), 1317–1322 (2006).
[Crossref]

Wenke, G.

D. Hoffmann, H. Heidrich, G. Wenke, R. Langenhorst, and E. Dietrich, “Integrated optics eight-port 90° hybrid on LiNbO3,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(5), 794–798 (1989).
[Crossref]

Winzer, G.

Winzer, P. J.

Wong-Foy, A.

Zhangl, L.

C. R. Doerr, L. Zhangl, S. Chandrasekhar, and L. L. Buhl, “Monolithic DQPSK receiver in InP with low polarization sensitivity,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(21), 1765–1767 (2007).
[Crossref]

Zimmermann, L.

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (1)

K. Kikuchi, “Phase-diversity homodyne detection of multilevel optical modulation with digital carrier phase estimation,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 12(4), 563–570 (2006).
[Crossref]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. (3)

C. R. Doerr, L. Zhangl, S. Chandrasekhar, and L. L. Buhl, “Monolithic DQPSK receiver in InP with low polarization sensitivity,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(21), 1765–1767 (2007).
[Crossref]

D. S. Levy, R. Scarmozzino, and R. M. Osgood, “Length reduction of tapered N×N MMI devices,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10(6), 830–832 (1998).
[Crossref]

J. Lightwave Technol. (4)

L. B. Soldano and C. M. Pennings, “Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging: Principles and Applications,” J. Lightwave Technol. 13(4), 615–627 (1995).
[Crossref]

M. Seimetz and C. M. Weinert, “Options, feasibility and availability of 2×4 90° hybrids for coherent optical systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24(3), 1317–1322 (2006).
[Crossref]

D. Hoffmann, H. Heidrich, G. Wenke, R. Langenhorst, and E. Dietrich, “Integrated optics eight-port 90° hybrid on LiNbO3,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(5), 794–798 (1989).
[Crossref]

Opt. Lett. (1)

S.-H. Jeong and K. Morito, “Optical 90° hybrid with broad operating bandwidth of 94 nm,” Opt. Lett. 34(22), 3505–3507 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (3)

R. Kunkel, H. G. Bach, D. Hoffmann, C. M. Weinert, I. Molina-Fernandez, and R. Halir, “First monolithic InP-based 90° hybrid OEIC comprising balanced detectors for 100GE coherent frontends,” Proc. IPRM 2009, paper TuB2.2 (2009).

H. G. Bach, A. Matiss, C. C. Leonhardt, R. Kunkel, D. Schmidt, M. Schell, and A. Umbach, “Monolithic 90° hybrid with balanced pin photodiodes for 100 Gbit/s PM-QPSK receiver applications,” Proc. OFC 2009, paper OMK5 (2009).

M. Baudreau, M. Poirier, G. Yoffe, and B. Pezeshki, “An integrated InP coherent receiver for 40 and 100 Gb/sec telecommunications systems,” Proc. OFC 2009, paper OMK6 (2009).

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Figures (17)

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Fig. 17

Fig. 1 Schematic diagrams of a coherent detection scheme employing the Type-I scheme (a) and the conventional 4×4 MMI coupler

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Fig. 2 Device length (L_Device) relation between the Type-I scheme and the 4×4 MMI coupler

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Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of a coherent detection scheme consisting of the proposed 90° hybrid (the Type-II scheme) and balanced PDs

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Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of a coherent detection scheme consisting of the proposed 90° hybrid (the Type-II scheme without using access waveguides) and balanced PDs

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Fig. 5 Calculated reduction ratio of L_S24 (a) and calculated relative phase difference between Ch-3 and Ch-4 (Δθ₃₄) of the linear-tapered 2×4 MMI coupler when the QPSK signal and the LO have the phase difference (ΔΦ) of −π/2 (b) as a function of W_MF/W_MS

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Fig. 6 Simulated transmission characteristics of the Type-II scheme in the absence of the access waveguides for (a) ΔΦ=0, (b) ΔΦ=π, (c) ΔΦ=–π/2, and (b) ΔΦ=+π/2. The amplitude for the LO was set to be identical to that of the signal.

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Fig. 7 Calculated transmission spectra of the Type-II scheme shown in Fig. 6 as a function of the phase difference between the signal and the LO (ΔΦ)

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Fig. 8 Calculated transmission spectra of (a) the Type-II scheme in the presence of the 50-μm-long access waveguides and (b) the Type-II scheme in the absence of the access waveguides within the C-band spectral range

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Fig. 9 Calculated relative phase deviation from the quadrature phase relation (Δϕ) of (a) the Type-II scheme in the presence of the 50-μm-long access waveguides and (b) the Type-II scheme in the absence of the access waveguides within the C-band spectral range

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Fig. 10 Device length (L_Device) relation between the Type-I scheme, the Type-II schemes and the conventional 4×4 MMI coupler

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Fig. 11 SEM picture of the fabricated deep etched ridge waveguide with W=2.0 μm.

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Fig. 12 Top-view photograph of the proposed 90° hybrid employing the Type-II scheme without using the access waveguides between the linear-tapered 2×4 MMI coupler and the 2×2 MMI coupler

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Fig. 13 Schematic drawing of the delayed Mach-Zehnder interferometer integrated Type-II scheme without using the access waveguides

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Fig. 14 Measured transmission spectra of the delayed interferometer integrated Type-II scheme. Inset shows the magnified views at around λ=1.55 μm.

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Fig. 15 Experimentally characterized CMRRs for the In-phase channels and the Quadrature channels of the Type-II scheme

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Fig. 16 Experimentally estimated relative phase deviation (Δϕ) for the Type-II scheme

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Fig. 17 Constellation diagrams for the Type-II scheme within the C-band spectral range. In this case, complex amplitudes were obtained from the experimental data shown in Fig. 14.

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Tables (2)

Table 1 Calculated W_M(z), <β₀−β_ν>, proportional constant χ^SQ, the optimized χ^SQ for satisfying the phase matching condition for the Type-II scheme employing a parabolic-tapered 2×4 MMI coupler

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Table 2 Calculated W_M(z), <β₀−β_ν>, proportional constant χ^EXP, the optimized χ^EXP for satisfying the phase matching condition for the Type-II scheme employing an exponential-tapered 2×4 MMI coupler

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Equations (10)

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L_{π} = \frac{π}{β_{0} - β_{1}}

L_{π} ≅ \frac{4 \cdot N_{e q} \cdot W_{eff}^{2}}{3 \cdot λ}

β_{0}^{} - β_{ν} ≅ \frac{ν (ν + 2) π λ}{4 \cdot N_{e q} \cdot W_{eff}^{2}} = \frac{ν (ν + 2) π}{3 L_{π}}

Δ ρ = (β_{0} - β_{ν}) \cdot L_{M M I}

Δ ρ = \int_{0}^{L_{M M I}} (β_{0} - β_{ν}) d z = \frac{ν (ν + 2) π λ}{4 \cdot N_{e q}} \int_{0}^{L_{M M I}} \frac{d z}{W_{M}^{2} (z)}

θ_{P h a s e} = - \frac{π}{4}

W_{M} (z) = W_{M S} + (W_{M F} - W_{M S}) \frac{z}{L_{S 24}}

〈 β_{0} - β_{ν} 〉 = \frac{ν (ν + 2) π λ}{4 \cdot N_{e q} \cdot W_{M F}^{2}} χ^{S T}

χ^{S T} = \frac{W_{M F}}{W_{M S}}

L_{π}^{S T} = \frac{L_{π}}{χ^{S T}}

	Parabolic-tapered 2×4 MMI coupler
W_M(z)	$W_{M} (z) = W_{M S} + (W_{M F} - W_{M S}) \cdot {(\frac{z}{L_{S 24}})}^{2}$
<β₀−β_ν>	$〈 β_{0} - β_{ν} 〉 = \frac{ν (ν + 2) π λ}{4 \cdot N_{e q} \cdot W_{M F}^{2}} χ^{S Q}$
Proportional constant (χ^SQ)	$χ^{S Q} = \frac{W_{M F}}{2} (\frac{1}{W_{M S}} + \frac{W_{M F} \tan h^{- 1} [\sqrt{\frac{- W_{M F} + W_{M S}}{W_{M S}}}]}{W_{M S} \sqrt{W_{M S}} \sqrt{- W_{M F} + W_{M S}}})$
Optimized χ^SQ for the phase matching	$χ^{S Q} = 1.74$

	Exponential-tapered 2×4 MMI coupler
W_M(z)	$W_{M} (z) = W_{M S} + (W_{M F} - W_{M S}) \cdot (\frac{E x p (z / L_{S 24}) - 1}{e - 1})$
<β₀−β_ν>	$〈 β_{0} - β_{ν} 〉 = \frac{ν (ν + 2) π λ}{4 \cdot N_{e q} \cdot W_{M F}^{2}} χ^{E X P}$
Proportional constant (χ^EXP)	$χ^{E X P} = \frac{(e - 1) W_{M F} (W_{M F}^{2} - 2 W_{M S} W_{M F} + e \cdot W_{M S}^{2} - (e - 1) W_{M S} W_{M F} \log (W_{M F} / W_{M S}))}{W_{M S} {(W_{M F} - e \cdot W_{M S})}^{2}}$
Optimized χ^EXP for the phase matching	$χ^{E X P} = 1.79$

	Parabolic-tapered 2×4 MMI coupler
W_M(z)	$W_{M} (z) = W_{M S} + (W_{M F} - W_{M S}) \cdot {(\frac{z}{L_{S 24}})}^{2}$
<β₀−β_ν>	$〈 β_{0} - β_{ν} 〉 = \frac{ν (ν + 2) π λ}{4 \cdot N_{e q} \cdot W_{M F}^{2}} χ^{S Q}$
Proportional constant (χ^SQ)	$χ^{S Q} = \frac{W_{M F}}{2} (\frac{1}{W_{M S}} + \frac{W_{M F} \tan h^{- 1} [\sqrt{\frac{- W_{M F} + W_{M S}}{W_{M S}}}]}{W_{M S} \sqrt{W_{M S}} \sqrt{- W_{M F} + W_{M S}}})$
Optimized χ^SQ for the phase matching	$χ^{S Q} = 1.74$

	Exponential-tapered 2×4 MMI coupler
W_M(z)	$W_{M} (z) = W_{M S} + (W_{M F} - W_{M S}) \cdot (\frac{E x p (z / L_{S 24}) - 1}{e - 1})$
<β₀−β_ν>	$〈 β_{0} - β_{ν} 〉 = \frac{ν (ν + 2) π λ}{4 \cdot N_{e q} \cdot W_{M F}^{2}} χ^{E X P}$
Proportional constant (χ^EXP)	$χ^{E X P} = \frac{(e - 1) W_{M F} (W_{M F}^{2} - 2 W_{M S} W_{M F} + e \cdot W_{M S}^{2} - (e - 1) W_{M S} W_{M F} \log (W_{M F} / W_{M S}))}{W_{M S} {(W_{M F} - e \cdot W_{M S})}^{2}}$
Optimized χ^EXP for the phase matching	$χ^{E X P} = 1.79$

Abstract

References

2009 (2)

2007 (1)

2006 (3)

1998 (1)

1995 (1)

1989 (1)

Buhl, L. L.

Cappuzzo, M. A.

Chandrasekhar, S.

Chen, E. Y.

Dietrich, E.

Doerr, C. R.

Gill, D. M.

Gnauck, A. H.

Gomez, L. T.

Heidrich, H.

Hoffmann, D.

Jeong, S.-H.

Kikuchi, K.

Langenhorst, R.

Levy, D. S.

Morito, K.

Osgood, R. M.

Pennings, C. M.

Petermann, K.

Scarmozzino, R.

Seimetz, M.

Soldano, L. B.

Voigt, K.

Weinert, C. M.

Wenke, G.

Winzer, G.

Winzer, P. J.

Wong-Foy, A.

Zhangl, L.

Zimmermann, L.

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (1)

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. (3)

J. Lightwave Technol. (4)

Opt. Lett. (1)

Other (3)

Cited By

Figures (17)

Tables (2)

Equations (10)

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