Abstract

Taking advantage of the high impermeability property of graphene and the sharp surface plasmon resonance (SPR) curve of silver, we numerically demonstrate that SPR imaging biosensors with a graphene-on-silver substrate can be used to achieve the dramatically high sensitivity as well as to prevent silver oxidation. Results of our numerical study show that a silver substrate with a few graphene layers can significantly increase the imaging sensitivity, compared to the conventional gold-film-based SPR imaging biosensor. In particular, single layered graphene deposited on the 60-nm thick silver film amplifies the SPR imaging signal more than three times. Therefore, the proposed SPR substrate could potentially open a new possibility of SPR imaging detection for sensitive and high-throughput assessment of multiple biomolecular interactions.

©2011 Optical Society of America

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References

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  3. N. Blow, “Proteins and proteomics: life on the surface,” Nat. Methods 6(5), 389–393 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  4. H. J. Lee, D. Nedelkov, and R. M. Corn, “Surface plasmon resonance imaging measurements of antibody arrays for the multiplexed detection of low molecular weight protein biomarkers,” Anal. Chem. 78(18), 6504–6510 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. K. M. Byun, M. L. Shuler, S. J. Kim, S. J. Yoon, and D. Kim, “Sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance imaging using periodic metallic nanowires,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(11), 1472–1478 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  6. B. H. Ong, X. Yuan, S. C. Tjin, J. Zhang, and H. M. Ng, “Optimised film thickness for maximum evanescent field enhancement of a bimetallic film surface plasmon resonance biosensor,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 114(2), 1028–1034 (2006).
    [Crossref]
  7. X.-M. Zhu, P.-H. Lin, P. Ao, and L. B. Sorensen, “Surface treatments for surface plasmon resonance biosensors,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 84(2-3), 106–112 (2002).
    [Crossref]
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  11. A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, “The rise of graphene,” Nat. Mater. 6(3), 183–191 (2007).
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  12. K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, “Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films,” Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  13. J. S. Bunch, S. S. Verbridge, J. S. Alden, A. M. van der Zande, J. M. Parpia, H. G. Craighead, and P. L. McEuen, “Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets,” Nano Lett. 8(8), 2458–2462 (2008).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  14. D. E. Jiang, V. R. Cooper, and S. Dai, “Porous graphene as the ultimate membrane for gas separation,” Nano Lett. 9(12), 4019–4024 (2009).
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  15. L. Wu, H. S. Chu, W. S. Koh, and E. P. Li, “Highly sensitive graphene biosensors based on surface plasmon resonance,” Opt. Express 18(14), 14395–14400 (2010).
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  16. D. E. Gray, S. C. Case-Green, T. S. Fell, P. J. Dobson, and E. M. Southern, “Ellipsometric and interferometric characterization of DNA probes immobilized on a combinatorial array,” Langmuir 13(10), 2833–2842 (1997).
    [Crossref]
  17. S. Elhadj, G. Singh, and R. F. Saraf, “Optical properties of an immobilized DNA monolayer from 255 to 700 nm,” Langmuir 20(13), 5539–5543 (2004).
    [Crossref]
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  20. A. Yariv and P. Yeh, Optical Waves in Crystals: Propagation and Control of Laser Radiation (Wiley, 1984).
  21. I. Pockrand, “Surface plasma oscillations at silver surfaces with thin transparent and absorbing coatings,” Surf. Sci. 72(3), 577–588 (1978).
    [Crossref]
  22. X. Li, X. Wang, L. Zhang, S. Lee, and H. Dai, “Chemically derived, ultrasmooth graphene nanoribbon semiconductors,” Science 319(5867), 1229–1232 (2008).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  23. X. Liang, Z. Fu, and S. Y. Chou, “Graphene transistors fabricated via transfer-printing in device active-areas on large wafer,” Nano Lett. 7(12), 3840–3844 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  24. J. Wintterlin and M.-L. Bocquet, “Graphene on metal surfaces,” Surf. Sci. 603(10-12), 1841–1852 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  25. L. Song, L. Ci, W. Gao, and P. M. Ajayan, “Transfer printing of graphene using gold film,” ACS Nano 3(6), 1353–1356 (2009).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  26. J. C. Shelton, H. R. Patil, and J. M. Blakely, “Equilibrium segregation of carbon to a nickel (111) surface: A surface phase transition,” Surf. Sci. 43(2), 493–520 (1974).
    [Crossref]
  27. M. Eizenberg and J. M. Blakely, “Carbon monolayer phase condensation on Ni(111),” Surf. Sci. 82(1), 228–236 (1979).
    [Crossref]
  28. A. I. Stognij, N. N. Novitskii, S. D. Tushina, and S. V. Kalinnikov, “Preparation of ultrathin gold films by oxygen-ion sputtering and their optical properties,” Tech. Phys. 48(6), 745–748 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  29. Z. M. Qi, S. Xia, and H. Zou, “Slow spontaneous transformation of the morphology of ultrathin gold films characterized by localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy,” Nanotechnology 20(25), 255702 (2009).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  30. B. Song, D. Li, W. Qi, M. Elstner, C. Fan, and H. Fang, “Graphene on Au(111): a highly conductive material with excellent adsorption properties for high-resolution bio/nanodetection and identification,” ChemPhysChem 11(3), 585–589 (2010).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  31. C. Leung, H. Kinns, B. W. Hoogenboom, S. Howorka, and P. Mesquida, “Imaging surface charges of individual biomolecules,” Nano Lett. 9(7), 2769–2773 (2009).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (3)

2009 (7)

C. Leung, H. Kinns, B. W. Hoogenboom, S. Howorka, and P. Mesquida, “Imaging surface charges of individual biomolecules,” Nano Lett. 9(7), 2769–2773 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Wintterlin and M.-L. Bocquet, “Graphene on metal surfaces,” Surf. Sci. 603(10-12), 1841–1852 (2009).
[Crossref]

L. Song, L. Ci, W. Gao, and P. M. Ajayan, “Transfer printing of graphene using gold film,” ACS Nano 3(6), 1353–1356 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. M. Qi, S. Xia, and H. Zou, “Slow spontaneous transformation of the morphology of ultrathin gold films characterized by localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy,” Nanotechnology 20(25), 255702 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Bruna and S. Borini, “Optical constants of graphene layers in the visible range,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(3), 031901 (2009).
[Crossref]

D. E. Jiang, V. R. Cooper, and S. Dai, “Porous graphene as the ultimate membrane for gas separation,” Nano Lett. 9(12), 4019–4024 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Blow, “Proteins and proteomics: life on the surface,” Nat. Methods 6(5), 389–393 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (4)

K. M. Byun, M. L. Shuler, S. J. Kim, S. J. Yoon, and D. Kim, “Sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance imaging using periodic metallic nanowires,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(11), 1472–1478 (2008).
[Crossref]

J. S. Bunch, S. S. Verbridge, J. S. Alden, A. M. van der Zande, J. M. Parpia, H. G. Craighead, and P. L. McEuen, “Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets,” Nano Lett. 8(8), 2458–2462 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. W. J. Beenakker, “Colloquium: Andreev reflection and Klein tunneling in graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 80(4), 1337–1354 (2008).
[Crossref]

X. Li, X. Wang, L. Zhang, S. Lee, and H. Dai, “Chemically derived, ultrasmooth graphene nanoribbon semiconductors,” Science 319(5867), 1229–1232 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (3)

X. Liang, Z. Fu, and S. Y. Chou, “Graphene transistors fabricated via transfer-printing in device active-areas on large wafer,” Nano Lett. 7(12), 3840–3844 (2007).
[Crossref]

A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, “The rise of graphene,” Nat. Mater. 6(3), 183–191 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Avouris, Z. Chen, and V. Perebeinos, “Carbon-based electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 2(10), 605–615 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (2)

B. H. Ong, X. Yuan, S. C. Tjin, J. Zhang, and H. M. Ng, “Optimised film thickness for maximum evanescent field enhancement of a bimetallic film surface plasmon resonance biosensor,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 114(2), 1028–1034 (2006).
[Crossref]

H. J. Lee, D. Nedelkov, and R. M. Corn, “Surface plasmon resonance imaging measurements of antibody arrays for the multiplexed detection of low molecular weight protein biomarkers,” Anal. Chem. 78(18), 6504–6510 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (2)

K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, “Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films,” Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Elhadj, G. Singh, and R. F. Saraf, “Optical properties of an immobilized DNA monolayer from 255 to 700 nm,” Langmuir 20(13), 5539–5543 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (2)

A. I. Stognij, N. N. Novitskii, S. D. Tushina, and S. V. Kalinnikov, “Preparation of ultrathin gold films by oxygen-ion sputtering and their optical properties,” Tech. Phys. 48(6), 745–748 (2003).
[Crossref]

J. Homola, “Present and future of surface plasmon resonance biosensors,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 377(3), 528–539 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (1)

X.-M. Zhu, P.-H. Lin, P. Ao, and L. B. Sorensen, “Surface treatments for surface plasmon resonance biosensors,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 84(2-3), 106–112 (2002).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

J. Homola, S. S. Yee, and G. Gauglitz, “Surface plasmon resonance sensors: review,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 54(1-2), 3–15 (1999).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

D. E. Gray, S. C. Case-Green, T. S. Fell, P. J. Dobson, and E. M. Southern, “Ellipsometric and interferometric characterization of DNA probes immobilized on a combinatorial array,” Langmuir 13(10), 2833–2842 (1997).
[Crossref]

1979 (1)

M. Eizenberg and J. M. Blakely, “Carbon monolayer phase condensation on Ni(111),” Surf. Sci. 82(1), 228–236 (1979).
[Crossref]

1978 (1)

I. Pockrand, “Surface plasma oscillations at silver surfaces with thin transparent and absorbing coatings,” Surf. Sci. 72(3), 577–588 (1978).
[Crossref]

1974 (1)

J. C. Shelton, H. R. Patil, and J. M. Blakely, “Equilibrium segregation of carbon to a nickel (111) surface: A surface phase transition,” Surf. Sci. 43(2), 493–520 (1974).
[Crossref]

Ajayan, P. M.

L. Song, L. Ci, W. Gao, and P. M. Ajayan, “Transfer printing of graphene using gold film,” ACS Nano 3(6), 1353–1356 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Alden, J. S.

J. S. Bunch, S. S. Verbridge, J. S. Alden, A. M. van der Zande, J. M. Parpia, H. G. Craighead, and P. L. McEuen, “Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets,” Nano Lett. 8(8), 2458–2462 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ao, P.

X.-M. Zhu, P.-H. Lin, P. Ao, and L. B. Sorensen, “Surface treatments for surface plasmon resonance biosensors,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 84(2-3), 106–112 (2002).
[Crossref]

Avouris, P.

P. Avouris, Z. Chen, and V. Perebeinos, “Carbon-based electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 2(10), 605–615 (2007).
[Crossref]

Beenakker, C. W. J.

C. W. J. Beenakker, “Colloquium: Andreev reflection and Klein tunneling in graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 80(4), 1337–1354 (2008).
[Crossref]

Blakely, J. M.

M. Eizenberg and J. M. Blakely, “Carbon monolayer phase condensation on Ni(111),” Surf. Sci. 82(1), 228–236 (1979).
[Crossref]

J. C. Shelton, H. R. Patil, and J. M. Blakely, “Equilibrium segregation of carbon to a nickel (111) surface: A surface phase transition,” Surf. Sci. 43(2), 493–520 (1974).
[Crossref]

Blow, N.

N. Blow, “Proteins and proteomics: life on the surface,” Nat. Methods 6(5), 389–393 (2009).
[Crossref]

Bocquet, M.-L.

J. Wintterlin and M.-L. Bocquet, “Graphene on metal surfaces,” Surf. Sci. 603(10-12), 1841–1852 (2009).
[Crossref]

Borini, S.

M. Bruna and S. Borini, “Optical constants of graphene layers in the visible range,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(3), 031901 (2009).
[Crossref]

Bruna, M.

M. Bruna and S. Borini, “Optical constants of graphene layers in the visible range,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(3), 031901 (2009).
[Crossref]

Bunch, J. S.

J. S. Bunch, S. S. Verbridge, J. S. Alden, A. M. van der Zande, J. M. Parpia, H. G. Craighead, and P. L. McEuen, “Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets,” Nano Lett. 8(8), 2458–2462 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Byun, K. M.

Case-Green, S. C.

D. E. Gray, S. C. Case-Green, T. S. Fell, P. J. Dobson, and E. M. Southern, “Ellipsometric and interferometric characterization of DNA probes immobilized on a combinatorial array,” Langmuir 13(10), 2833–2842 (1997).
[Crossref]

Chen, Z.

P. Avouris, Z. Chen, and V. Perebeinos, “Carbon-based electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 2(10), 605–615 (2007).
[Crossref]

Choi, S. H.

Chou, S. Y.

X. Liang, Z. Fu, and S. Y. Chou, “Graphene transistors fabricated via transfer-printing in device active-areas on large wafer,” Nano Lett. 7(12), 3840–3844 (2007).
[Crossref]

Chu, H. S.

Ci, L.

L. Song, L. Ci, W. Gao, and P. M. Ajayan, “Transfer printing of graphene using gold film,” ACS Nano 3(6), 1353–1356 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cooper, V. R.

D. E. Jiang, V. R. Cooper, and S. Dai, “Porous graphene as the ultimate membrane for gas separation,” Nano Lett. 9(12), 4019–4024 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Corn, R. M.

H. J. Lee, D. Nedelkov, and R. M. Corn, “Surface plasmon resonance imaging measurements of antibody arrays for the multiplexed detection of low molecular weight protein biomarkers,” Anal. Chem. 78(18), 6504–6510 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Craighead, H. G.

J. S. Bunch, S. S. Verbridge, J. S. Alden, A. M. van der Zande, J. M. Parpia, H. G. Craighead, and P. L. McEuen, “Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets,” Nano Lett. 8(8), 2458–2462 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dai, H.

X. Li, X. Wang, L. Zhang, S. Lee, and H. Dai, “Chemically derived, ultrasmooth graphene nanoribbon semiconductors,” Science 319(5867), 1229–1232 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dai, S.

D. E. Jiang, V. R. Cooper, and S. Dai, “Porous graphene as the ultimate membrane for gas separation,” Nano Lett. 9(12), 4019–4024 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dobson, P. J.

D. E. Gray, S. C. Case-Green, T. S. Fell, P. J. Dobson, and E. M. Southern, “Ellipsometric and interferometric characterization of DNA probes immobilized on a combinatorial array,” Langmuir 13(10), 2833–2842 (1997).
[Crossref]

Dubonos, S. V.

K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, “Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films,” Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Eizenberg, M.

M. Eizenberg and J. M. Blakely, “Carbon monolayer phase condensation on Ni(111),” Surf. Sci. 82(1), 228–236 (1979).
[Crossref]

Elhadj, S.

S. Elhadj, G. Singh, and R. F. Saraf, “Optical properties of an immobilized DNA monolayer from 255 to 700 nm,” Langmuir 20(13), 5539–5543 (2004).
[Crossref]

Elstner, M.

B. Song, D. Li, W. Qi, M. Elstner, C. Fan, and H. Fang, “Graphene on Au(111): a highly conductive material with excellent adsorption properties for high-resolution bio/nanodetection and identification,” ChemPhysChem 11(3), 585–589 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fan, C.

B. Song, D. Li, W. Qi, M. Elstner, C. Fan, and H. Fang, “Graphene on Au(111): a highly conductive material with excellent adsorption properties for high-resolution bio/nanodetection and identification,” ChemPhysChem 11(3), 585–589 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fang, H.

B. Song, D. Li, W. Qi, M. Elstner, C. Fan, and H. Fang, “Graphene on Au(111): a highly conductive material with excellent adsorption properties for high-resolution bio/nanodetection and identification,” ChemPhysChem 11(3), 585–589 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fell, T. S.

D. E. Gray, S. C. Case-Green, T. S. Fell, P. J. Dobson, and E. M. Southern, “Ellipsometric and interferometric characterization of DNA probes immobilized on a combinatorial array,” Langmuir 13(10), 2833–2842 (1997).
[Crossref]

Firsov, A. A.

K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, “Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films,” Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fu, Z.

X. Liang, Z. Fu, and S. Y. Chou, “Graphene transistors fabricated via transfer-printing in device active-areas on large wafer,” Nano Lett. 7(12), 3840–3844 (2007).
[Crossref]

Gao, W.

L. Song, L. Ci, W. Gao, and P. M. Ajayan, “Transfer printing of graphene using gold film,” ACS Nano 3(6), 1353–1356 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gauglitz, G.

J. Homola, S. S. Yee, and G. Gauglitz, “Surface plasmon resonance sensors: review,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 54(1-2), 3–15 (1999).
[Crossref]

Geim, A. K.

A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, “The rise of graphene,” Nat. Mater. 6(3), 183–191 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, “Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films,” Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gray, D. E.

D. E. Gray, S. C. Case-Green, T. S. Fell, P. J. Dobson, and E. M. Southern, “Ellipsometric and interferometric characterization of DNA probes immobilized on a combinatorial array,” Langmuir 13(10), 2833–2842 (1997).
[Crossref]

Grigorieva, I. V.

K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, “Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films,” Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Homola, J.

J. Homola, “Present and future of surface plasmon resonance biosensors,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 377(3), 528–539 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Homola, S. S. Yee, and G. Gauglitz, “Surface plasmon resonance sensors: review,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 54(1-2), 3–15 (1999).
[Crossref]

Hoogenboom, B. W.

C. Leung, H. Kinns, B. W. Hoogenboom, S. Howorka, and P. Mesquida, “Imaging surface charges of individual biomolecules,” Nano Lett. 9(7), 2769–2773 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Howorka, S.

C. Leung, H. Kinns, B. W. Hoogenboom, S. Howorka, and P. Mesquida, “Imaging surface charges of individual biomolecules,” Nano Lett. 9(7), 2769–2773 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jiang, D.

K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, “Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films,” Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jiang, D. E.

D. E. Jiang, V. R. Cooper, and S. Dai, “Porous graphene as the ultimate membrane for gas separation,” Nano Lett. 9(12), 4019–4024 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kalinnikov, S. V.

A. I. Stognij, N. N. Novitskii, S. D. Tushina, and S. V. Kalinnikov, “Preparation of ultrathin gold films by oxygen-ion sputtering and their optical properties,” Tech. Phys. 48(6), 745–748 (2003).
[Crossref]

Kim, D.

Kim, S. J.

Kinns, H.

C. Leung, H. Kinns, B. W. Hoogenboom, S. Howorka, and P. Mesquida, “Imaging surface charges of individual biomolecules,” Nano Lett. 9(7), 2769–2773 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Koh, W. S.

Lee, H. J.

H. J. Lee, D. Nedelkov, and R. M. Corn, “Surface plasmon resonance imaging measurements of antibody arrays for the multiplexed detection of low molecular weight protein biomarkers,” Anal. Chem. 78(18), 6504–6510 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lee, S.

X. Li, X. Wang, L. Zhang, S. Lee, and H. Dai, “Chemically derived, ultrasmooth graphene nanoribbon semiconductors,” Science 319(5867), 1229–1232 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Leung, C.

C. Leung, H. Kinns, B. W. Hoogenboom, S. Howorka, and P. Mesquida, “Imaging surface charges of individual biomolecules,” Nano Lett. 9(7), 2769–2773 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, D.

B. Song, D. Li, W. Qi, M. Elstner, C. Fan, and H. Fang, “Graphene on Au(111): a highly conductive material with excellent adsorption properties for high-resolution bio/nanodetection and identification,” ChemPhysChem 11(3), 585–589 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, E. P.

Li, X.

X. Li, X. Wang, L. Zhang, S. Lee, and H. Dai, “Chemically derived, ultrasmooth graphene nanoribbon semiconductors,” Science 319(5867), 1229–1232 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liang, X.

X. Liang, Z. Fu, and S. Y. Chou, “Graphene transistors fabricated via transfer-printing in device active-areas on large wafer,” Nano Lett. 7(12), 3840–3844 (2007).
[Crossref]

Lin, P.-H.

X.-M. Zhu, P.-H. Lin, P. Ao, and L. B. Sorensen, “Surface treatments for surface plasmon resonance biosensors,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 84(2-3), 106–112 (2002).
[Crossref]

McEuen, P. L.

J. S. Bunch, S. S. Verbridge, J. S. Alden, A. M. van der Zande, J. M. Parpia, H. G. Craighead, and P. L. McEuen, “Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets,” Nano Lett. 8(8), 2458–2462 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mesquida, P.

C. Leung, H. Kinns, B. W. Hoogenboom, S. Howorka, and P. Mesquida, “Imaging surface charges of individual biomolecules,” Nano Lett. 9(7), 2769–2773 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Morozov, S. V.

K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, “Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films,” Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nedelkov, D.

H. J. Lee, D. Nedelkov, and R. M. Corn, “Surface plasmon resonance imaging measurements of antibody arrays for the multiplexed detection of low molecular weight protein biomarkers,” Anal. Chem. 78(18), 6504–6510 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ng, H. M.

B. H. Ong, X. Yuan, S. C. Tjin, J. Zhang, and H. M. Ng, “Optimised film thickness for maximum evanescent field enhancement of a bimetallic film surface plasmon resonance biosensor,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 114(2), 1028–1034 (2006).
[Crossref]

Novitskii, N. N.

A. I. Stognij, N. N. Novitskii, S. D. Tushina, and S. V. Kalinnikov, “Preparation of ultrathin gold films by oxygen-ion sputtering and their optical properties,” Tech. Phys. 48(6), 745–748 (2003).
[Crossref]

Novoselov, K. S.

A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, “The rise of graphene,” Nat. Mater. 6(3), 183–191 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, “Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films,” Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ong, B. H.

B. H. Ong, X. Yuan, S. C. Tjin, J. Zhang, and H. M. Ng, “Optimised film thickness for maximum evanescent field enhancement of a bimetallic film surface plasmon resonance biosensor,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 114(2), 1028–1034 (2006).
[Crossref]

Parpia, J. M.

J. S. Bunch, S. S. Verbridge, J. S. Alden, A. M. van der Zande, J. M. Parpia, H. G. Craighead, and P. L. McEuen, “Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets,” Nano Lett. 8(8), 2458–2462 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Patil, H. R.

J. C. Shelton, H. R. Patil, and J. M. Blakely, “Equilibrium segregation of carbon to a nickel (111) surface: A surface phase transition,” Surf. Sci. 43(2), 493–520 (1974).
[Crossref]

Perebeinos, V.

P. Avouris, Z. Chen, and V. Perebeinos, “Carbon-based electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 2(10), 605–615 (2007).
[Crossref]

Pockrand, I.

I. Pockrand, “Surface plasma oscillations at silver surfaces with thin transparent and absorbing coatings,” Surf. Sci. 72(3), 577–588 (1978).
[Crossref]

Qi, W.

B. Song, D. Li, W. Qi, M. Elstner, C. Fan, and H. Fang, “Graphene on Au(111): a highly conductive material with excellent adsorption properties for high-resolution bio/nanodetection and identification,” ChemPhysChem 11(3), 585–589 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Qi, Z. M.

Z. M. Qi, S. Xia, and H. Zou, “Slow spontaneous transformation of the morphology of ultrathin gold films characterized by localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy,” Nanotechnology 20(25), 255702 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Saraf, R. F.

S. Elhadj, G. Singh, and R. F. Saraf, “Optical properties of an immobilized DNA monolayer from 255 to 700 nm,” Langmuir 20(13), 5539–5543 (2004).
[Crossref]

Shelton, J. C.

J. C. Shelton, H. R. Patil, and J. M. Blakely, “Equilibrium segregation of carbon to a nickel (111) surface: A surface phase transition,” Surf. Sci. 43(2), 493–520 (1974).
[Crossref]

Shuler, M. L.

Singh, G.

S. Elhadj, G. Singh, and R. F. Saraf, “Optical properties of an immobilized DNA monolayer from 255 to 700 nm,” Langmuir 20(13), 5539–5543 (2004).
[Crossref]

Song, B.

B. Song, D. Li, W. Qi, M. Elstner, C. Fan, and H. Fang, “Graphene on Au(111): a highly conductive material with excellent adsorption properties for high-resolution bio/nanodetection and identification,” ChemPhysChem 11(3), 585–589 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Song, L.

L. Song, L. Ci, W. Gao, and P. M. Ajayan, “Transfer printing of graphene using gold film,” ACS Nano 3(6), 1353–1356 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sorensen, L. B.

X.-M. Zhu, P.-H. Lin, P. Ao, and L. B. Sorensen, “Surface treatments for surface plasmon resonance biosensors,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 84(2-3), 106–112 (2002).
[Crossref]

Southern, E. M.

D. E. Gray, S. C. Case-Green, T. S. Fell, P. J. Dobson, and E. M. Southern, “Ellipsometric and interferometric characterization of DNA probes immobilized on a combinatorial array,” Langmuir 13(10), 2833–2842 (1997).
[Crossref]

Stognij, A. I.

A. I. Stognij, N. N. Novitskii, S. D. Tushina, and S. V. Kalinnikov, “Preparation of ultrathin gold films by oxygen-ion sputtering and their optical properties,” Tech. Phys. 48(6), 745–748 (2003).
[Crossref]

Tjin, S. C.

B. H. Ong, X. Yuan, S. C. Tjin, J. Zhang, and H. M. Ng, “Optimised film thickness for maximum evanescent field enhancement of a bimetallic film surface plasmon resonance biosensor,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 114(2), 1028–1034 (2006).
[Crossref]

Tushina, S. D.

A. I. Stognij, N. N. Novitskii, S. D. Tushina, and S. V. Kalinnikov, “Preparation of ultrathin gold films by oxygen-ion sputtering and their optical properties,” Tech. Phys. 48(6), 745–748 (2003).
[Crossref]

van der Zande, A. M.

J. S. Bunch, S. S. Verbridge, J. S. Alden, A. M. van der Zande, J. M. Parpia, H. G. Craighead, and P. L. McEuen, “Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets,” Nano Lett. 8(8), 2458–2462 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Verbridge, S. S.

J. S. Bunch, S. S. Verbridge, J. S. Alden, A. M. van der Zande, J. M. Parpia, H. G. Craighead, and P. L. McEuen, “Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets,” Nano Lett. 8(8), 2458–2462 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wang, X.

X. Li, X. Wang, L. Zhang, S. Lee, and H. Dai, “Chemically derived, ultrasmooth graphene nanoribbon semiconductors,” Science 319(5867), 1229–1232 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wintterlin, J.

J. Wintterlin and M.-L. Bocquet, “Graphene on metal surfaces,” Surf. Sci. 603(10-12), 1841–1852 (2009).
[Crossref]

Wu, L.

Xia, S.

Z. M. Qi, S. Xia, and H. Zou, “Slow spontaneous transformation of the morphology of ultrathin gold films characterized by localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy,” Nanotechnology 20(25), 255702 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yee, S. S.

J. Homola, S. S. Yee, and G. Gauglitz, “Surface plasmon resonance sensors: review,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 54(1-2), 3–15 (1999).
[Crossref]

Yoon, S. J.

Yuan, X.

B. H. Ong, X. Yuan, S. C. Tjin, J. Zhang, and H. M. Ng, “Optimised film thickness for maximum evanescent field enhancement of a bimetallic film surface plasmon resonance biosensor,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 114(2), 1028–1034 (2006).
[Crossref]

Zhang, J.

B. H. Ong, X. Yuan, S. C. Tjin, J. Zhang, and H. M. Ng, “Optimised film thickness for maximum evanescent field enhancement of a bimetallic film surface plasmon resonance biosensor,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 114(2), 1028–1034 (2006).
[Crossref]

Zhang, L.

X. Li, X. Wang, L. Zhang, S. Lee, and H. Dai, “Chemically derived, ultrasmooth graphene nanoribbon semiconductors,” Science 319(5867), 1229–1232 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, Y.

K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, “Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films,” Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhu, X.-M.

X.-M. Zhu, P.-H. Lin, P. Ao, and L. B. Sorensen, “Surface treatments for surface plasmon resonance biosensors,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 84(2-3), 106–112 (2002).
[Crossref]

Zou, H.

Z. M. Qi, S. Xia, and H. Zou, “Slow spontaneous transformation of the morphology of ultrathin gold films characterized by localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy,” Nanotechnology 20(25), 255702 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

ACS Nano (1)

L. Song, L. Ci, W. Gao, and P. M. Ajayan, “Transfer printing of graphene using gold film,” ACS Nano 3(6), 1353–1356 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Anal. Bioanal. Chem. (1)

J. Homola, “Present and future of surface plasmon resonance biosensors,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 377(3), 528–539 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Anal. Chem. (1)

H. J. Lee, D. Nedelkov, and R. M. Corn, “Surface plasmon resonance imaging measurements of antibody arrays for the multiplexed detection of low molecular weight protein biomarkers,” Anal. Chem. 78(18), 6504–6510 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)

M. Bruna and S. Borini, “Optical constants of graphene layers in the visible range,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(3), 031901 (2009).
[Crossref]

ChemPhysChem (1)

B. Song, D. Li, W. Qi, M. Elstner, C. Fan, and H. Fang, “Graphene on Au(111): a highly conductive material with excellent adsorption properties for high-resolution bio/nanodetection and identification,” ChemPhysChem 11(3), 585–589 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Lightwave Technol. (1)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (1)

Langmuir (2)

D. E. Gray, S. C. Case-Green, T. S. Fell, P. J. Dobson, and E. M. Southern, “Ellipsometric and interferometric characterization of DNA probes immobilized on a combinatorial array,” Langmuir 13(10), 2833–2842 (1997).
[Crossref]

S. Elhadj, G. Singh, and R. F. Saraf, “Optical properties of an immobilized DNA monolayer from 255 to 700 nm,” Langmuir 20(13), 5539–5543 (2004).
[Crossref]

Nano Lett. (4)

X. Liang, Z. Fu, and S. Y. Chou, “Graphene transistors fabricated via transfer-printing in device active-areas on large wafer,” Nano Lett. 7(12), 3840–3844 (2007).
[Crossref]

C. Leung, H. Kinns, B. W. Hoogenboom, S. Howorka, and P. Mesquida, “Imaging surface charges of individual biomolecules,” Nano Lett. 9(7), 2769–2773 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. S. Bunch, S. S. Verbridge, J. S. Alden, A. M. van der Zande, J. M. Parpia, H. G. Craighead, and P. L. McEuen, “Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets,” Nano Lett. 8(8), 2458–2462 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. E. Jiang, V. R. Cooper, and S. Dai, “Porous graphene as the ultimate membrane for gas separation,” Nano Lett. 9(12), 4019–4024 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nanotechnology (1)

Z. M. Qi, S. Xia, and H. Zou, “Slow spontaneous transformation of the morphology of ultrathin gold films characterized by localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy,” Nanotechnology 20(25), 255702 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Mater. (1)

A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, “The rise of graphene,” Nat. Mater. 6(3), 183–191 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Methods (1)

N. Blow, “Proteins and proteomics: life on the surface,” Nat. Methods 6(5), 389–393 (2009).
[Crossref]

Nat. Nanotechnol. (1)

P. Avouris, Z. Chen, and V. Perebeinos, “Carbon-based electronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 2(10), 605–615 (2007).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (1)

Rev. Mod. Phys. (1)

C. W. J. Beenakker, “Colloquium: Andreev reflection and Klein tunneling in graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 80(4), 1337–1354 (2008).
[Crossref]

Science (2)

K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, “Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films,” Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Li, X. Wang, L. Zhang, S. Lee, and H. Dai, “Chemically derived, ultrasmooth graphene nanoribbon semiconductors,” Science 319(5867), 1229–1232 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sens. Actuators B Chem. (3)

J. Homola, S. S. Yee, and G. Gauglitz, “Surface plasmon resonance sensors: review,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 54(1-2), 3–15 (1999).
[Crossref]

B. H. Ong, X. Yuan, S. C. Tjin, J. Zhang, and H. M. Ng, “Optimised film thickness for maximum evanescent field enhancement of a bimetallic film surface plasmon resonance biosensor,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 114(2), 1028–1034 (2006).
[Crossref]

X.-M. Zhu, P.-H. Lin, P. Ao, and L. B. Sorensen, “Surface treatments for surface plasmon resonance biosensors,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 84(2-3), 106–112 (2002).
[Crossref]

Surf. Sci. (4)

J. C. Shelton, H. R. Patil, and J. M. Blakely, “Equilibrium segregation of carbon to a nickel (111) surface: A surface phase transition,” Surf. Sci. 43(2), 493–520 (1974).
[Crossref]

M. Eizenberg and J. M. Blakely, “Carbon monolayer phase condensation on Ni(111),” Surf. Sci. 82(1), 228–236 (1979).
[Crossref]

I. Pockrand, “Surface plasma oscillations at silver surfaces with thin transparent and absorbing coatings,” Surf. Sci. 72(3), 577–588 (1978).
[Crossref]

J. Wintterlin and M.-L. Bocquet, “Graphene on metal surfaces,” Surf. Sci. 603(10-12), 1841–1852 (2009).
[Crossref]

Tech. Phys. (1)

A. I. Stognij, N. N. Novitskii, S. D. Tushina, and S. V. Kalinnikov, “Preparation of ultrathin gold films by oxygen-ion sputtering and their optical properties,” Tech. Phys. 48(6), 745–748 (2003).
[Crossref]

Other (2)

E. D. Palik, Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids (Academic, 1985).

A. Yariv and P. Yeh, Optical Waves in Crystals: Propagation and Control of Laser Radiation (Wiley, 1984).

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Figures (6)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Schematic of a SPR imaging configuration based on a graphene-on-silver substrate. A silver film (d2) is deposited on a SF10 prism substrate via adhesion of a chromium layer (d1 = 2 nm). Graphene layers (d3) are coated on the silver film and binding analytes of DNA hybridization (d4 = 3 nm) are modeled as a homogeneous layer with an initial refractive index of 1.462 in a water medium [16,17].

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 SPR reflectance (solid lines) and its sensitivity (dashed lines) for (a) silver and (b) gold substrates. In this calculation, TM-polarized light at λ = 633 nm propagating into the SF10 prism substrate is incident on the thin silver or gold film (40 nm) in the water solution.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 (a) Plot of the peak SPR imaging sensitivity as a function of the silver thickness when graphene sheets are not applied. (b) SPR reflectance and sensitivity characteristics in the case of an optimal silver thickness of d2 = 60 nm with the highest imaging sensitivity of S = 3.82.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 (a) SPR reflectance and (b) peak imaging sensitivity as the number of graphene layers increases. The dashed line in (b) indicates the highest imaging sensitivity of 0.68 obtained from the conventional gold-film-based SPR substrate.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Peak sensitivity of SPR imaging as the silver film thickness varies from 10 to 90 nm and the number of graphene layers increases up to 30. The white dashed line indicates the condition that the peak imaging sensitivity of the graphene-on-silver substrate is equivalent to the maximum imaging sensitivity of 0.68, obtained from the gold-film-based SPR imaging substrate.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Linear regression analyses between the reflectance and the refractive index of binding analytes for SPR imaging configurations with the graphene-on-silver substrate (square) and the gold substrate (triangle). As the refractive index of the binding layer increases from 1.462 to 1.480 in an interval of 0.003, the reflectance amplitude linearly increases. The absolute concentration, which is equivalent to the refractive index of the bound DNA molecules, is presented together with the refractive index. The solid lines denote the linear fits for the two types of the SPR imaging substrates.

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Equations (4)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

S = d R d n 4 = d d n 4 | M 12 M 22 | 2 ,
M = [ M 11 M 12 M 21 M 22 ] = I 01 L 1 I 12 L 2 I 23 L 3 I 34 L 4 I 45 ,
I j k = [ 1 r j k r j k 1 ]   and   L j = [ e i k z j d j 0 0 e − i k z j d j ] .
r j k = ( k z j ε j − k z k ε k ) ( k z j ε j + k z k ε k )   and   k z j = ε j ( ω c ) 2 − k x 2   with   k x = ε 0 ω c sin θ ,

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