High sensitivity and fast response solution processed polymer photodetectors with polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) modified ITO electrode

Yue Wang; Lijie Zhu; Yufeng Hu; Zhenbo Deng; Zhidong Lou; Yanbing Hou; Feng Teng

doi:10.1364/OE.25.007719

High sensitivity and fast response solution processed polymer photodetectors with polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) modified ITO electrode

Yue Wang, Lijie Zhu, Yufeng Hu, Zhenbo Deng, Zhidong Lou, Yanbing Hou, and Feng Teng

Optics Express
Vol. 25,
Issue 7,
pp. 7719-7729
(2017)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.007719

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Yue Wang, Lijie Zhu, Yufeng Hu, Zhenbo Deng, Zhidong Lou, Yanbing Hou, and Feng Teng, "High sensitivity and fast response solution processed polymer photodetectors with polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) modified ITO electrode," Opt. Express 25, 7719-7729 (2017)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Detectors
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Organic materials (160.4890)
- Optical devices (230.0230)
- Photodetectors (230.5160)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: March 6, 2017
- Revised Manuscript: March 21, 2017
- Manuscript Accepted: March 21, 2017
- Published: March 24, 2017

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

Most organic photodetectors utilize a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photo-active film due to its high exciton dissociation efficiency. However, the low dark current density, a key role in determining the overall performance of photodetectors, is hardly achieved in the BHJ structure since both the donor and acceptor domains are in contact with the same electrode. The most popular strategy to overcome this problem is by fabricating bilayer or multilayer devices. However, the complicated fabrication process is a challenge for printing electronics. In this work, we demonstrate a solution processed polymer photodetector based on a poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): (phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl-ester) (PC₆₁BM) blend film with polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) modified ITO electrode. The transparent PEIE efficiently blocks the unnecessary electronic charge injection between the active film and the electrode, which dramatically decrease the dark current. Under illumination, the photoexcited charges accumulated in the PEIE modified ITO region finally can tunnel through the barrier with the help of the applied reverse bias, leading to a large photocurrent. Therefore, the resulting polymer photodetector shows a 2.48 × 10⁴ signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) under −0.3 V bias and an 11.4 MHz bandwidth across the visible spectra under a small reverse bias of 0.5 V. The maximum EQE of 3250% in the visible wavelength is obtained for the polymer photodetector at −1 V under 370 nm (3.07 μW/cm²) illumination. This solution processed polymer photodetector manufacturing is highly compatible with the flexible, low-cost, and large area organic electronic technologies.

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References

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Publication

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[Crossref] [PubMed]
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[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Shafian, Y. Jang, and K. Kim, “Solution processed organic photodetector utilizing an interdiffused polymer/fullerene bilayer,” Opt. Express 23(15), A936–A946 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
D. Z. Yang, X. K. Zhou, and D. G. Ma, “Fast response organic photodetectors with high detectivity based on rubrene and C60,” Org. Elec. 14(11), 3019–3023 (2013).
[Crossref]
D. Yang, K. Xu, X. Zhou, Y. Wang, and D. Ma, “Comprehensive studies of response characteristics of organic photodetectors based on rubrene and C60,” J. Appl. Phys. 115(24), 244506 (2014).
[Crossref]
W. T. Hammond and J. G. Xue, “Organic heterojunction photodiodes exhibiting low voltage, imaging-speed photocurrent gain,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(7), 073302 (2010).
[Crossref]
J. M. Melancon and S. R. Živanović, “Broadband gain in poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl-ester photodetectors enabled by a semicontinuous gold interlayer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 105(16), 163301 (2014).
[Crossref]
F. Guo, B. Yang, Y. Yuan, Z. Xiao, Q. Dong, Y. Bi, and J. Huang, “A nanocomposite ultraviolet photodetector based on interfacial trap-controlled charge injection,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 7(12), 798–802 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
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[Crossref]
R. Nie, Y. Wang, and X. Deng, “Aligned Nanofibers as an Interfacial Layer for Achieving High-Detectivity and fast-response organic photodetectors,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6(10), 7032–7037 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
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[Crossref] [PubMed]
P. E. Keivanidis, P. K. H. Ho, R. H. Friend, and N. C. Greenham, “The Dependence of Device Dark Current on the Active-Layer Morphology of Solution-Processed Organic Photodetectors,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(22), 3895–3903 (2010).
[Crossref]
B. Chen, X. Qiao, C.-M. Liu, C. Zhao, H.-C. Chen, K.-H. Wei, and B. Hu, “Effects of bulk and interfacial charge accumulation on fill factor in organic solar cells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(19), 193302 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Cho, K. D. Kim, J. Heo, J. Y. Lee, G. Cha, B. Y. Seo, Y. D. Kim, Y. S. Kim, S. Y. Choi, and D. C. Lim, “Role of additional PCBM layer between ZnO and photoactive layers in inverted bulk-heterojunction solar cells,” Sci. Rep. 4, 4306 (2014).
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W. Tress, K. Leo, and M. Riede, “Photoconductivity as loss mechanism in organic solar cells,” (RRL) Phys. Status Solidi 7(6), 401–405 (2013).
[Crossref]
Y. Fang, F. Guo, Z. Xiao, and J. Huang, “Large gain, low noise nanocomposite ultraviolet photodetectors with a linear dynamic range of 120 db,” Adv. Opt. Mater 2(4), 348–353 (2014).
[Crossref]
J. Huang and Y. Yang, “Origin of photomultiplication in C60 based devices,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(20), 784 (2007).
L. Lv, Q. Lu, Y. Ning, Z. Lu, X. Wang, Z. Lou, A. Tang, Y. Hu, F. Teng, Y. Yin, and Y. Hou, “Self-Assembled TiO2 Nanorods as Electron Extraction Layer for High-Performance Inverted Polymer Solar Cells,” Chem. Mater. 27(1), 44–52 (2015).
[Crossref]
C. Zhang, L. Qi, Q. Chen, L. Lv, Y. Ning, Y. Hu, Y. Hou, and F. Teng, “Plasma treatment of ITO cathode to fabricate free electron selective layer in inverted polymer solar cells,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 2(41), 8715–8722 (2014).
[Crossref]
C. R. McNeill, I. Hwang, and N. C. Greenham, “Photocurrent transients in all-polymer solar cells: Trapping and detrapping effects,” J. Appl. Phys. 106(2), 024507 (2009).
[Crossref]
I. Hwang, C. R. McNeill, and N. C. Greenham, “Drift-diffusion modeling of photocurrent transients in bulk heterojunction solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 106(9), 094506 (2009).
[Crossref]
W. Tress, K. Leo, and M. Riede, “Influence of hole-transport layers and donor materials on open-circuit voltage and shape of i-v curves of organic solar cells,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 21(11), 2140–2149 (2011).
[Crossref]
W. Tress, S. Corvers, K. Leo, and M. Riede, “Investigation of driving forces for charge extraction in organic solar cells: transient photocurrent measurements on solar cells showing s-shaped current–voltage characteristics,” Adv. Energy Mater. 3(7), 873–880 (2013).
[Crossref]
G. Konstantatos, L. Levina, A. Fischer, and E. H. Sargent, “Engineering the temporal response of photoconductive photodetectors via selective introduction of surface trap states,” Nano Lett. 8(5), 1446–1450 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
G. Konstantatos and E. H. Sargent, “PbS colloidal quantum dot photoconductive photodetectors: Transport, traps, and gain,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(17), 173505 (2007).
[Crossref]
J. P. Clifford, G. Konstantatos, K. W. Johnston, S. Hoogland, L. Levina, and E. H. Sargent, “Fast, sensitive and spectrally tuneable colloidal-quantum-dot photodetectors,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 4(1), 40–44 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
B. D. Boruah, D. B. Ferry, A. Mukherjee, and A. Misra, “Few-layer graphene/ZnO nanowires based high performance UV photodetector,” Nanotechnology 26(23), 235703 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
G. Azzellino, A. Grimoldi, M. Binda, M. Caironi, D. Natali, and M. Sampietro, “Fully inkjet-printed organic photodetectors with high quantum yield,” Adv. Mater. 25(47), 6829–6833 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
B. Arredondo, B. Romero, J. M. Pena, A. Fernández-Pacheco, E. Alonso, R. Vergaz, and C. de Dios, “Visible light communication system using an organic bulk heterojunction photodetector,” Sensors (Basel) 13(9), 12266–12276 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
B. Arredondo, C. de Dios, R. Vergaz, A. R. Criado, B. Romero, B. Zimmermann, and U. Würfel, “Performance of ITO-free inverted organic bulk heterojunction photodetectors: Comparison with standard device architecture,” Org. Elec. 14(10), 2484–2490 (2013).
[Crossref]
M. Punke, S. Valouch, S. W. Kettlitz, N. Christ, C. Gärtner, M. Gerken, and U. Lemmer, “Dynamic characterization of organic bulk heterojunction photodetectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(7), 071118 (2007).
[Crossref]
P. Peumans, V. Bulović, and S. R. Forrest, “Efficient, high-bandwidth organic multilayer photodetectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(26), 3855–3857 (2000).
[Crossref]
M. Sofos, J. Goldberger, D. A. Stone, J. E. Allen, Q. Ma, D. J. Herman, W. W. Tsai, L. J. Lauhon, and S. I. Stupp, “A synergistic assembly of nanoscale lamellar photoconductor hybrids,” Nat. Mater. 8(1), 68–75 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
X. Li, S. Wang, Y. Xiao, and X. Li, “A trap-assisted ultrasensitive near-infrared organic photomultiple photodetector based on y-type titanylphthalocyanine nanoparticles,” J. Mater. Chem. C 4(24), 5584–5592 (2016).

2016 (1)

X. Li, S. Wang, Y. Xiao, and X. Li, “A trap-assisted ultrasensitive near-infrared organic photomultiple photodetector based on y-type titanylphthalocyanine nanoparticles,” J. Mater. Chem. C 4(24), 5584–5592 (2016).

2015 (4)

H. Wei, Y. Fang, Y. Yuan, L. Shen, and J. Huang, “Trap Engineering of CdTe Nanoparticle for High Gain, Fast Response, and Low Noise P3HT:CdTe Nanocomposite Photodetectors,” Adv. Mater. 27(34), 4975–4981 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Shafian, Y. Jang, and K. Kim, “Solution processed organic photodetector utilizing an interdiffused polymer/fullerene bilayer,” Opt. Express 23(15), A936–A946 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. D. Boruah, D. B. Ferry, A. Mukherjee, and A. Misra, “Few-layer graphene/ZnO nanowires based high performance UV photodetector,” Nanotechnology 26(23), 235703 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Lv, Q. Lu, Y. Ning, Z. Lu, X. Wang, Z. Lou, A. Tang, Y. Hu, F. Teng, Y. Yin, and Y. Hou, “Self-Assembled TiO2 Nanorods as Electron Extraction Layer for High-Performance Inverted Polymer Solar Cells,” Chem. Mater. 27(1), 44–52 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (6)

C. Zhang, L. Qi, Q. Chen, L. Lv, Y. Ning, Y. Hu, Y. Hou, and F. Teng, “Plasma treatment of ITO cathode to fabricate free electron selective layer in inverted polymer solar cells,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 2(41), 8715–8722 (2014).
[Crossref]

S. Cho, K. D. Kim, J. Heo, J. Y. Lee, G. Cha, B. Y. Seo, Y. D. Kim, Y. S. Kim, S. Y. Choi, and D. C. Lim, “Role of additional PCBM layer between ZnO and photoactive layers in inverted bulk-heterojunction solar cells,” Sci. Rep. 4, 4306 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Fang, F. Guo, Z. Xiao, and J. Huang, “Large gain, low noise nanocomposite ultraviolet photodetectors with a linear dynamic range of 120 db,” Adv. Opt. Mater 2(4), 348–353 (2014).
[Crossref]

D. Yang, K. Xu, X. Zhou, Y. Wang, and D. Ma, “Comprehensive studies of response characteristics of organic photodetectors based on rubrene and C60,” J. Appl. Phys. 115(24), 244506 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. M. Melancon and S. R. Živanović, “Broadband gain in poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl-ester photodetectors enabled by a semicontinuous gold interlayer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 105(16), 163301 (2014).
[Crossref]

R. Nie, Y. Wang, and X. Deng, “Aligned Nanofibers as an Interfacial Layer for Achieving High-Detectivity and fast-response organic photodetectors,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6(10), 7032–7037 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2013 (8)

D. Z. Yang, X. K. Zhou, and D. G. Ma, “Fast response organic photodetectors with high detectivity based on rubrene and C60,” Org. Elec. 14(11), 3019–3023 (2013).
[Crossref]

B. Chen, X. Qiao, C.-M. Liu, C. Zhao, H.-C. Chen, K.-H. Wei, and B. Hu, “Effects of bulk and interfacial charge accumulation on fill factor in organic solar cells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(19), 193302 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. Tress, K. Leo, and M. Riede, “Photoconductivity as loss mechanism in organic solar cells,” (RRL) Phys. Status Solidi 7(6), 401–405 (2013).
[Crossref]

G. Azzellino, A. Grimoldi, M. Binda, M. Caironi, D. Natali, and M. Sampietro, “Fully inkjet-printed organic photodetectors with high quantum yield,” Adv. Mater. 25(47), 6829–6833 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Arredondo, B. Romero, J. M. Pena, A. Fernández-Pacheco, E. Alonso, R. Vergaz, and C. de Dios, “Visible light communication system using an organic bulk heterojunction photodetector,” Sensors (Basel) 13(9), 12266–12276 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Arredondo, C. de Dios, R. Vergaz, A. R. Criado, B. Romero, B. Zimmermann, and U. Würfel, “Performance of ITO-free inverted organic bulk heterojunction photodetectors: Comparison with standard device architecture,” Org. Elec. 14(10), 2484–2490 (2013).
[Crossref]

W. Tress, S. Corvers, K. Leo, and M. Riede, “Investigation of driving forces for charge extraction in organic solar cells: transient photocurrent measurements on solar cells showing s-shaped current–voltage characteristics,” Adv. Energy Mater. 3(7), 873–880 (2013).
[Crossref]

K. J. Baeg, M. Binda, D. Natali, M. Caironi, and Y. Y. Noh, “Organic light detectors: photodiodes and phototransistors,” Adv. Mater. 25(31), 4267–4295 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (3)

J. D. Myers and J. G. Xue, “Organic Semiconductors and their Applications in Photovoltaic Devices,” Polym. Rev. (Phila. Pa.) 52(1), 1–37 (2012).
[Crossref]

Y. Zhou, C. Fuentes-Hernandez, J. Shim, J. Meyer, A. J. Giordano, H. Li, P. Winget, T. Papadopoulos, H. Cheun, J. Kim, M. Fenoll, A. Dindar, W. Haske, E. Najafabadi, T. M. Khan, H. Sojoudi, S. Barlow, S. Graham, J. L. Brédas, S. R. Marder, A. Kahn, and B. Kippelen, “A universal method to produce low-work function electrodes for organic electronics,” Science 336(6079), 327–332 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Guo, B. Yang, Y. Yuan, Z. Xiao, Q. Dong, Y. Bi, and J. Huang, “A nanocomposite ultraviolet photodetector based on interfacial trap-controlled charge injection,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 7(12), 798–802 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (1)

W. Tress, K. Leo, and M. Riede, “Influence of hole-transport layers and donor materials on open-circuit voltage and shape of i-v curves of organic solar cells,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 21(11), 2140–2149 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (3)

F.-C. Chen, S.-C. Chien, and G.-L. Cious, “Highly sensitive, low-voltage, organic photomultiple photodetectors exhibiting broadband response,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(10), 103301 (2010).
[Crossref]

W. T. Hammond and J. G. Xue, “Organic heterojunction photodiodes exhibiting low voltage, imaging-speed photocurrent gain,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(7), 073302 (2010).
[Crossref]

P. E. Keivanidis, P. K. H. Ho, R. H. Friend, and N. C. Greenham, “The Dependence of Device Dark Current on the Active-Layer Morphology of Solution-Processed Organic Photodetectors,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(22), 3895–3903 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (4)

C. R. McNeill, I. Hwang, and N. C. Greenham, “Photocurrent transients in all-polymer solar cells: Trapping and detrapping effects,” J. Appl. Phys. 106(2), 024507 (2009).
[Crossref]

I. Hwang, C. R. McNeill, and N. C. Greenham, “Drift-diffusion modeling of photocurrent transients in bulk heterojunction solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 106(9), 094506 (2009).
[Crossref]

J. P. Clifford, G. Konstantatos, K. W. Johnston, S. Hoogland, L. Levina, and E. H. Sargent, “Fast, sensitive and spectrally tuneable colloidal-quantum-dot photodetectors,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 4(1), 40–44 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Sofos, J. Goldberger, D. A. Stone, J. E. Allen, Q. Ma, D. J. Herman, W. W. Tsai, L. J. Lauhon, and S. I. Stupp, “A synergistic assembly of nanoscale lamellar photoconductor hybrids,” Nat. Mater. 8(1), 68–75 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (1)

G. Konstantatos, L. Levina, A. Fischer, and E. H. Sargent, “Engineering the temporal response of photoconductive photodetectors via selective introduction of surface trap states,” Nano Lett. 8(5), 1446–1450 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (3)

G. Konstantatos and E. H. Sargent, “PbS colloidal quantum dot photoconductive photodetectors: Transport, traps, and gain,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(17), 173505 (2007).
[Crossref]

M. Punke, S. Valouch, S. W. Kettlitz, N. Christ, C. Gärtner, M. Gerken, and U. Lemmer, “Dynamic characterization of organic bulk heterojunction photodetectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(7), 071118 (2007).
[Crossref]

J. Huang and Y. Yang, “Origin of photomultiplication in C60 based devices,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(20), 784 (2007).

2000 (1)

P. Peumans, V. Bulović, and S. R. Forrest, “Efficient, high-bandwidth organic multilayer photodetectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(26), 3855–3857 (2000).
[Crossref]

Allen, J. E.

Alonso, E.

Arredondo, B.

Azzellino, G.

Baeg, K. J.

K. J. Baeg, M. Binda, D. Natali, M. Caironi, and Y. Y. Noh, “Organic light detectors: photodiodes and phototransistors,” Adv. Mater. 25(31), 4267–4295 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Barlow, S.

Bi, Y.

Binda, M.

K. J. Baeg, M. Binda, D. Natali, M. Caironi, and Y. Y. Noh, “Organic light detectors: photodiodes and phototransistors,” Adv. Mater. 25(31), 4267–4295 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Boruah, B. D.

B. D. Boruah, D. B. Ferry, A. Mukherjee, and A. Misra, “Few-layer graphene/ZnO nanowires based high performance UV photodetector,” Nanotechnology 26(23), 235703 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Brédas, J. L.

Bulovic, V.

P. Peumans, V. Bulović, and S. R. Forrest, “Efficient, high-bandwidth organic multilayer photodetectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(26), 3855–3857 (2000).
[Crossref]

Caironi, M.

K. J. Baeg, M. Binda, D. Natali, M. Caironi, and Y. Y. Noh, “Organic light detectors: photodiodes and phototransistors,” Adv. Mater. 25(31), 4267–4295 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cha, G.

Chen, B.

Chen, F.-C.

F.-C. Chen, S.-C. Chien, and G.-L. Cious, “Highly sensitive, low-voltage, organic photomultiple photodetectors exhibiting broadband response,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(10), 103301 (2010).
[Crossref]

Chen, H.-C.

Chen, Q.

Cheun, H.

Chien, S.-C.

F.-C. Chen, S.-C. Chien, and G.-L. Cious, “Highly sensitive, low-voltage, organic photomultiple photodetectors exhibiting broadband response,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(10), 103301 (2010).
[Crossref]

Cho, S.

Choi, S. Y.

Christ, N.

Cious, G.-L.

F.-C. Chen, S.-C. Chien, and G.-L. Cious, “Highly sensitive, low-voltage, organic photomultiple photodetectors exhibiting broadband response,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(10), 103301 (2010).
[Crossref]

Clifford, J. P.

Corvers, S.

Criado, A. R.

de Dios, C.

Deng, X.

Dindar, A.

Dong, Q.

Fang, Y.

Y. Fang, F. Guo, Z. Xiao, and J. Huang, “Large gain, low noise nanocomposite ultraviolet photodetectors with a linear dynamic range of 120 db,” Adv. Opt. Mater 2(4), 348–353 (2014).
[Crossref]

Fenoll, M.

Fernández-Pacheco, A.

Ferry, D. B.

B. D. Boruah, D. B. Ferry, A. Mukherjee, and A. Misra, “Few-layer graphene/ZnO nanowires based high performance UV photodetector,” Nanotechnology 26(23), 235703 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fischer, A.

Forrest, S. R.

P. Peumans, V. Bulović, and S. R. Forrest, “Efficient, high-bandwidth organic multilayer photodetectors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(26), 3855–3857 (2000).
[Crossref]

Friend, R. H.

Fuentes-Hernandez, C.

Gärtner, C.

Gerken, M.

Giordano, A. J.

Goldberger, J.

Graham, S.

Greenham, N. C.

I. Hwang, C. R. McNeill, and N. C. Greenham, “Drift-diffusion modeling of photocurrent transients in bulk heterojunction solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 106(9), 094506 (2009).
[Crossref]

C. R. McNeill, I. Hwang, and N. C. Greenham, “Photocurrent transients in all-polymer solar cells: Trapping and detrapping effects,” J. Appl. Phys. 106(2), 024507 (2009).
[Crossref]

Grimoldi, A.

Guo, F.

Y. Fang, F. Guo, Z. Xiao, and J. Huang, “Large gain, low noise nanocomposite ultraviolet photodetectors with a linear dynamic range of 120 db,” Adv. Opt. Mater 2(4), 348–353 (2014).
[Crossref]

Hammond, W. T.

W. T. Hammond and J. G. Xue, “Organic heterojunction photodiodes exhibiting low voltage, imaging-speed photocurrent gain,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(7), 073302 (2010).
[Crossref]

Haske, W.

Heo, J.

Herman, D. J.

Ho, P. K. H.

Hoogland, S.

Hou, Y.

Hu, B.

Hu, Y.

Huang, J.

Y. Fang, F. Guo, Z. Xiao, and J. Huang, “Large gain, low noise nanocomposite ultraviolet photodetectors with a linear dynamic range of 120 db,” Adv. Opt. Mater 2(4), 348–353 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Huang and Y. Yang, “Origin of photomultiplication in C60 based devices,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(20), 784 (2007).

Hwang, I.

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(RRL) Phys. Status Solidi (1)

W. Tress, K. Leo, and M. Riede, “Photoconductivity as loss mechanism in organic solar cells,” (RRL) Phys. Status Solidi 7(6), 401–405 (2013).
[Crossref]

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces (1)

Adv. Energy Mater. (1)

Adv. Funct. Mater. (2)

Adv. Mater. (3)

K. J. Baeg, M. Binda, D. Natali, M. Caironi, and Y. Y. Noh, “Organic light detectors: photodiodes and phototransistors,” Adv. Mater. 25(31), 4267–4295 (2013).
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Adv. Opt. Mater (1)

Y. Fang, F. Guo, Z. Xiao, and J. Huang, “Large gain, low noise nanocomposite ultraviolet photodetectors with a linear dynamic range of 120 db,” Adv. Opt. Mater 2(4), 348–353 (2014).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (8)

J. Huang and Y. Yang, “Origin of photomultiplication in C60 based devices,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(20), 784 (2007).

W. T. Hammond and J. G. Xue, “Organic heterojunction photodiodes exhibiting low voltage, imaging-speed photocurrent gain,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(7), 073302 (2010).
[Crossref]

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Chem. Mater. (1)

J. Appl. Phys. (3)

C. R. McNeill, I. Hwang, and N. C. Greenham, “Photocurrent transients in all-polymer solar cells: Trapping and detrapping effects,” J. Appl. Phys. 106(2), 024507 (2009).
[Crossref]

I. Hwang, C. R. McNeill, and N. C. Greenham, “Drift-diffusion modeling of photocurrent transients in bulk heterojunction solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 106(9), 094506 (2009).
[Crossref]

J. Mater. Chem. C (1)

J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices (1)

Nano Lett. (1)

Nanotechnology (1)

B. D. Boruah, D. B. Ferry, A. Mukherjee, and A. Misra, “Few-layer graphene/ZnO nanowires based high performance UV photodetector,” Nanotechnology 26(23), 235703 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Mater. (1)

Nat. Nanotechnol. (2)

Opt. Express (1)

S. Shafian, Y. Jang, and K. Kim, “Solution processed organic photodetector utilizing an interdiffused polymer/fullerene bilayer,” Opt. Express 23(15), A936–A946 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Org. Elec. (2)

D. Z. Yang, X. K. Zhou, and D. G. Ma, “Fast response organic photodetectors with high detectivity based on rubrene and C60,” Org. Elec. 14(11), 3019–3023 (2013).
[Crossref]

Polym. Rev. (Phila. Pa.) (1)

J. D. Myers and J. G. Xue, “Organic Semiconductors and their Applications in Photovoltaic Devices,” Polym. Rev. (Phila. Pa.) 52(1), 1–37 (2012).
[Crossref]

Sci. Rep. (1)

Science (1)

Sensors (Basel) (1)

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Fig. 1 (a) Absorption spectra of the P3HT:PC₆₁BM layer based on ITO and PEIE modified ITO substrates (b) The energy level diagram of the OPD (c) UPS spectra of the pristine ITO and PEIE modified ITO electrodes

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Fig. 2 (a) J-V curves of the OPD on ITO and ITO + PEIE (under AM 1.5 100 mW/cm²) (b) The J-V curves of the OPD on ITO + PEIE and ITO (inset) in logarithmic scale (under AM 1.5 100 mW/cm²) (c) EQE curves of the photodetector on ITO + PEIE under different bias conditions, inset EQE curves of the device on ITO without bias conditions (d) Light intensity spectrum of the monochromatic lights for the EQE test of the PEIE treated device

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Fig. 3 (a) The capacitance-voltage characteristics of the OPD on ITO and PEIE modified ITO under dark and light conditions; (b) transient photocurrent rise and fall of the OPD on ITO (c) transient photocurrent rise and fall of the OPD on PEIE modified ITO (d) Transient photocurrent rise and fall of the OPD on PEIE modified ITO under different bias.

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Fig. 4 (a) Cyclical photoresponses of the OPDs based on ITO and PEIE modified ITO. (b) Optoelectronic small signal frequency response of the OPD with the PEIE modified ITO at −0.5 V under modulated green-LED (530 nm) illumination. (c) Optoelectronic small signal frequency response of the OPD with the PEIE modified ITO at −0.5 V under modulated green-LED (530 nm) illumination with different light intensity.

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Fig. 5 (a) (b) (c)Light I-V characteristics of the OPD based on the PEIE modified ITO under various wavelength (468 nm, 530 nm, 625 nm) illuminations with increasing incident light intensity, (d) (e) (f)Jph of the OPD at −0.5 V based on the PEIE modified ITO as a function of light intensity (468 nm, 530 nm, 625 nm).

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Tables (1)

Table 1 Figures of merit for PEIE modified ITO OPDs under different bias^a

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Equations (3)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

EQE = \frac{J p h h υ}{P i n e} = \frac{(J l i g h t - J d a r k) h υ}{P i n e}

R = \frac{J p h}{P i n}

D^{*} = \frac{R}{\sqrt{2 e J d a r k}},

	J_dark(A/cm²)	J_photo(mA/cm²)	SNR (a.u.)	R(A/W)	D* (Jones)
−0.3 V	4.17 × 10⁻⁷	10.36	2.48 × 10⁴	5.61	1.42 × 10¹²
−0.5 V	8.79 × 10⁻⁷	17.77	2.02 × 10⁴	7.91	1.23 × 10¹²
−1 V	2.77 × 10⁻⁶	29.87	1.08 × 10⁴	14.25	1.04 × 10¹²