Abstract

Understanding the dispersion state of 2D black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets is of great significance for the application of BP based materials. However, the dispersion state of BP colloids cannot be analyzed by the conventional methods based on the optical signal detecting due to the intensive light absorption of BP in the ultraviolet-visible region and the high turbidity caused by the aggregation of pristine BP nanosheets. In this work, 3D light scattering has been proven to be an effective technique to characterize the dispersion characteristics of nanocolloids with intensive light absorption and limited dispersity by suppressing multiple scattering. The effect of the concentration, the temperature and the solvent on the dispersion stability of BP nanosheets has been systematically studied by modulated 3D cross-correlation. It has been shown that measurements at smaller angles can obtain better autocorrelation functions. The BP colloids exhibit excellent colloidal stability when the concentration is below 250 μgmL−1, above which aggregation tends to form. Increasing the temperature has shown to result in the formation of aggregation in the colloids. BP nanosheets possess better dispersion state in polar solvents than in nonpolar solvents, and the aggregation process in nonpolar solvents can be monitored by the slow relaxation mode of 3D light scattering. This study indicates that 3D light scattering paves way to analyze the dispersion dynamics of various 2D nanoparticle colloids with intensive light absorption and poor dispensability.

© 2019 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

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  1. P. F. Chen, N. Li, X. Z. Chen, W. J. Ong, and X. J. Zhao, “The rising star of 2D black phosphorus beyond graphene: synthesis, properties and electronic applications,” 2D Mater. 5(1), 014002 (2017).
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  4. M. Kopf, N. Eckstein, D. Pfister, C. Grotz, I. Krüger, M. Greiwe, T. Hansen, H. Kohlmann, and T. Nilges, “Access and in situ growth of phosphorene-precursor black phosphorus,” Cryst Growth. 405, 6–10 (2014).
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  5. S. Lange, P. Schmidt, and T. Nilges, “Au3SnP7@black phosphorus: an easy access to black phosphorus,” Inorg. Chem. 46(10), 4028–4035 (2007).
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    [Crossref]
  7. S. Yang, K. Zhang, and A. G. Ricciardulli, “A rational delamination strategy towards defect-free, high-mobility, few-layered black phosphorus flakes,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 14317 (2015).
  8. D. Kufer, I. Nikitskiy, T. Lasanta, G. Navickaite, F. H. Koppens, and G. Konstantatos, “Hybrid 2D-0D MoS2 -PbS quantum dot photodetectors,” Adv. Mater. 27(1), 176–180 (2015).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. X. L. Ren, P. C. Lian, D. L. Xie, Y. Yang, Y. Mei, X. R. Huang, Z. R. Wang, and X. T. Yin, “Properties, preparation and application of black phosphorus/phosphorene for energy storage: a review,” J. Mater. Sci. 52(17), 10364–10386 (2017).
    [Crossref]
  10. S. Cui, H. Pu, S. A. Wells, Z. Wen, S. Mao, J. Chang, M. C. Hersam, and J. Chen, “Ultrahigh sensitivity and layer-dependent sensing performance of phosphorene-based gas sensors,” Nat. Commun. 6(1), 8632 (2015).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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  12. X. T. Jiang, S. Gross, M. J. Withford, H. Zhang, D. Yeom, F. Rotermund, and A. Fuerbach, “Low-dimensional nanomaterial saturable absorbers for ultrashort-pulsed waveguide lasers,” Opt. Mater. Express 8(10), 3055–3307 (2018).
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  13. D. Yang, G. X. Yang, P. P. Yang, R. C. Lv, S. L. Gai, C. X. Li, F. He, and J. Lin, “Assembly of Au plasmonic photothermal agent and iron oxide nanoparticles on ultrathin black phosphorus for targeted photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(18), 1700371 (2017).
    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. D. Cho, J. H. Baik, D. H. Choi, and C. S. Lee, “Dispersion stability of 1-octanethiol coated Cu nanoparticles in a 1-octanol solvent for the application of nanoink,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 309, 300–305 (2014).
    [Crossref]
  18. C. Caddeo, M. Manconi, A. M. Fadda, F. Lai, S. Lampis, O. Diez-Sales, and C. Sinico, “Nanocarriers for antioxidant resveratrol: formulation approach, vesicle self-assembly and stability evaluation,” Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 111, 327–332 (2013).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  19. S. Ortelli, A. L. Costa, M. Blosi, A. Brunelli, E. Badetti, A. Bonetto, D. Hristozov, and A. Marcomini, “Colloidal characterization of CuO nanoparticles in biological and environmental media,” Environ. Sci. Nano 4(6), 1264–1272 (2017).
    [Crossref]
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  23. P. A. Hassan, S. Rana, and G. Verma, “Making sense of Brownian motion: colloid characterization by dynamic light scattering,” Langmuir 31(1), 3–12 (2015).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  24. D. A. Lvanov, T. Grossmann, and J. Winkelmann, “Comparison of ternary diffusion coefficients obtained from dynamic light scattering and Taylor dispersion,” Fluid Phase Equilib. 228, 283–291 (2005).
  25. C. Urban and P. Schurtenberger, “Characterization of turbid Fur suspensions using light scattering techniques combined with cross-correlation methods,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 207(1), 150–158 (1998).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  26. I. D. Block and F. Scheffold, “Modulated 3D cross-correlation light scattering: improving turbid sample characterization,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81(12), 123107 (2010).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  27. J. J. Crassous, L. Casal-Dujat, M. Medebach, M. Obiols-Rabasa, R. Vincent, F. Reinhold, V. Boyko, I. Willerich, A. Menzel, C. Moitzi, B. Reck, and P. Schurtenberger, “Structure and dynamics of soft repulsive colloidal suspensions in the vicinity of the glass transition,” Langmuir 29(33), 10346–10359 (2013).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  28. H. B. Ribeiro, M. A. Pimenta, C. J. de Matos, R. L. Moreira, A. S. Rodin, J. D. Zapata, E. A. de Souza, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Unusual angular dependence of the Raman response in black phosphorus,” ACS Nano 9(4), 4270–4276 (2015).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  29. S. Tsunekawa, T. Fukuda, and A. Kasuya, “Blue shift in ultraviolet absorption spectra of monodisperse CeO2-x nanoparticles,” J. Appl. Phys. 87(3), 1318–1321 (2000).
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  31. A. H. Woomer, T. W. Farnsworth, J. Hu, R. A. Wells, C. L. Donley, and S. C. Warren, “Phosphorene: synthesis, scale-up, and quantitative optical spectroscopy,” ACS Nano 9(9), 8869–8884 (2015).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  32. M. A. Escobedo-Sánchez, L. F. Rojas-Ochoa, M. Laurati, and S. U. Egelhaaf, “Investigation of moderately turbid suspensions by heterodyne near field scattering,” Soft Matter 13(35), 5961–5969 (2017).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  33. G. Cunningham, M. Lotya, C. S. Cucinotta, S. Sanvito, S. D. Bergin, R. Menzel, M. S. P. Shaffer, and J. N. Coleman, “Solvent exfoliation of transition metal dichalcogenides: dispersibility of exfoliated nanosheets varies only weakly between compounds,” ACS Nano 6(4), 3468–3480 (2012).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  34. Y. Hernandez, M. Lotya, D. Rickard, S. D. Bergin, and J. N. Coleman, “Measurement of multicomponent solubility parameters for graphene facilitates solvent discovery,” Langmuir 26(5), 3208–3213 (2010).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  35. S. D. Bergin, Z. Sun, D. Rickard, P. V. Streich, J. P. Hamilton, and J. N. Coleman, “Multicomponent solubility parameters for single-walled carbon nanotube-solvent mixtures,” ACS Nano 3(8), 2340–2350 (2009).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]

2018 (2)

M. R. Cappellani, D. R. PerinelliLaura, L. Pescosolido, A. Schoubben, M. Cespi, R. Cossi, and P. Blasi, “Injectable nanoemulsions prepared by high pressure homogenization: processing, sterilization, and size evolution,” Appl. Nanosci. 8, 1–9 (2018).

X. T. Jiang, S. Gross, M. J. Withford, H. Zhang, D. Yeom, F. Rotermund, and A. Fuerbach, “Low-dimensional nanomaterial saturable absorbers for ultrashort-pulsed waveguide lasers,” Opt. Mater. Express 8(10), 3055–3307 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (6)

D. Yang, G. X. Yang, P. P. Yang, R. C. Lv, S. L. Gai, C. X. Li, F. He, and J. Lin, “Assembly of Au plasmonic photothermal agent and iron oxide nanoparticles on ultrathin black phosphorus for targeted photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(18), 1700371 (2017).
[Crossref]

X. L. Ren, P. C. Lian, D. L. Xie, Y. Yang, Y. Mei, X. R. Huang, Z. R. Wang, and X. T. Yin, “Properties, preparation and application of black phosphorus/phosphorene for energy storage: a review,” J. Mater. Sci. 52(17), 10364–10386 (2017).
[Crossref]

P. F. Chen, N. Li, X. Z. Chen, W. J. Ong, and X. J. Zhao, “The rising star of 2D black phosphorus beyond graphene: synthesis, properties and electronic applications,” 2D Mater. 5(1), 014002 (2017).
[Crossref]

X. Zhu, T. Zhang, Z. Sun, H. Chen, J. Guan, X. Chen, H. Ji, P. Du, and S. Yang, “Black phosphorus revisited: a missing metal-free elemental photocatalyst for visible light hydrogen evolution,” Adv. Mater. 29(17), 1605776 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Ortelli, A. L. Costa, M. Blosi, A. Brunelli, E. Badetti, A. Bonetto, D. Hristozov, and A. Marcomini, “Colloidal characterization of CuO nanoparticles in biological and environmental media,” Environ. Sci. Nano 4(6), 1264–1272 (2017).
[Crossref]

M. A. Escobedo-Sánchez, L. F. Rojas-Ochoa, M. Laurati, and S. U. Egelhaaf, “Investigation of moderately turbid suspensions by heterodyne near field scattering,” Soft Matter 13(35), 5961–5969 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2016 (2)

Y. Zhao, H. Wang, H. Huang, Q. Xiao, Y. Xu, Z. Guo, H. Xie, J. Shao, Z. Sun, W. Han, X. F. Yu, P. Li, and P. K. Chu, “Surface coordination of black phosphorus for robust air and water stability,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 55(16), 5003–5007 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. H. Chu, J. Liu, Z. N. Guo, and H. Zhang, “2 μm passively Q-switched laser based on black phosphorus,” Opt. Mater. Express 6(7), 2374–2379 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (8)

S. B. Lu, L. L. Miao, Z. N. Guo, X. Qi, C. J. Zhao, H. Zhang, S. C. Wen, D. Y. Tang, and D. Y. Fan, “Broadband nonlinear optical response in multi-layer black phosphorus: an emerging infrared and mid-infrared optical material,” Opt. Express 23(9), 11183–11194 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Cui, H. Pu, S. A. Wells, Z. Wen, S. Mao, J. Chang, M. C. Hersam, and J. Chen, “Ultrahigh sensitivity and layer-dependent sensing performance of phosphorene-based gas sensors,” Nat. Commun. 6(1), 8632 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Yang, K. Zhang, and A. G. Ricciardulli, “A rational delamination strategy towards defect-free, high-mobility, few-layered black phosphorus flakes,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 14317 (2015).

D. Kufer, I. Nikitskiy, T. Lasanta, G. Navickaite, F. H. Koppens, and G. Konstantatos, “Hybrid 2D-0D MoS2 -PbS quantum dot photodetectors,” Adv. Mater. 27(1), 176–180 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Liu, Y. Liu, N. Liu, Y. Han, X. Zhang, H. Huang, Y. Lifshitz, S. T. Lee, J. Zhong, and Z. Kang, “Water splitting. Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway,” Science 347(6225), 970–974 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. H. Woomer, T. W. Farnsworth, J. Hu, R. A. Wells, C. L. Donley, and S. C. Warren, “Phosphorene: synthesis, scale-up, and quantitative optical spectroscopy,” ACS Nano 9(9), 8869–8884 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. A. Hassan, S. Rana, and G. Verma, “Making sense of Brownian motion: colloid characterization by dynamic light scattering,” Langmuir 31(1), 3–12 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. B. Ribeiro, M. A. Pimenta, C. J. de Matos, R. L. Moreira, A. S. Rodin, J. D. Zapata, E. A. de Souza, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Unusual angular dependence of the Raman response in black phosphorus,” ACS Nano 9(4), 4270–4276 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2014 (3)

H. Fissan, S. Ristig, H. Kaminiski, C. Asbach, and M. Epple, “Comparison of different characterization methods for nanoparticle dispersions before and after aerosolization,” Anal. Methods 6(18), 7324–7334 (2014).
[Crossref]

D. Cho, J. H. Baik, D. H. Choi, and C. S. Lee, “Dispersion stability of 1-octanethiol coated Cu nanoparticles in a 1-octanol solvent for the application of nanoink,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 309, 300–305 (2014).
[Crossref]

M. Kopf, N. Eckstein, D. Pfister, C. Grotz, I. Krüger, M. Greiwe, T. Hansen, H. Kohlmann, and T. Nilges, “Access and in situ growth of phosphorene-precursor black phosphorus,” Cryst Growth. 405, 6–10 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (2)

C. Caddeo, M. Manconi, A. M. Fadda, F. Lai, S. Lampis, O. Diez-Sales, and C. Sinico, “Nanocarriers for antioxidant resveratrol: formulation approach, vesicle self-assembly and stability evaluation,” Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 111, 327–332 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. J. Crassous, L. Casal-Dujat, M. Medebach, M. Obiols-Rabasa, R. Vincent, F. Reinhold, V. Boyko, I. Willerich, A. Menzel, C. Moitzi, B. Reck, and P. Schurtenberger, “Structure and dynamics of soft repulsive colloidal suspensions in the vicinity of the glass transition,” Langmuir 29(33), 10346–10359 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (1)

G. Cunningham, M. Lotya, C. S. Cucinotta, S. Sanvito, S. D. Bergin, R. Menzel, M. S. P. Shaffer, and J. N. Coleman, “Solvent exfoliation of transition metal dichalcogenides: dispersibility of exfoliated nanosheets varies only weakly between compounds,” ACS Nano 6(4), 3468–3480 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (3)

Y. Hernandez, M. Lotya, D. Rickard, S. D. Bergin, and J. N. Coleman, “Measurement of multicomponent solubility parameters for graphene facilitates solvent discovery,” Langmuir 26(5), 3208–3213 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. D. Block and F. Scheffold, “Modulated 3D cross-correlation light scattering: improving turbid sample characterization,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81(12), 123107 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. M. Park and H. J. Sohn, “Quasi-intercalation and facile amorphization in layered ZnSb for Li-ion batteries,” Adv. Mater. 22(1), 47–52 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (1)

S. D. Bergin, Z. Sun, D. Rickard, P. V. Streich, J. P. Hamilton, and J. N. Coleman, “Multicomponent solubility parameters for single-walled carbon nanotube-solvent mixtures,” ACS Nano 3(8), 2340–2350 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (1)

T. Nilges, M. Kersting, and T. J. Pfeifer, “A fast low-pressure transport route to large black phosphorus single crystals,” Solid State Chem. 181(8), 1707–1711 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

S. Lange, P. Schmidt, and T. Nilges, “Au3SnP7@black phosphorus: an easy access to black phosphorus,” Inorg. Chem. 46(10), 4028–4035 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (1)

D. A. Lvanov, T. Grossmann, and J. Winkelmann, “Comparison of ternary diffusion coefficients obtained from dynamic light scattering and Taylor dispersion,” Fluid Phase Equilib. 228, 283–291 (2005).

2000 (1)

S. Tsunekawa, T. Fukuda, and A. Kasuya, “Blue shift in ultraviolet absorption spectra of monodisperse CeO2-x nanoparticles,” J. Appl. Phys. 87(3), 1318–1321 (2000).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

C. Urban and P. Schurtenberger, “Characterization of turbid Fur suspensions using light scattering techniques combined with cross-correlation methods,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 207(1), 150–158 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1914 (1)

P. W. Bridgman, “Two new modifications of phosphorus,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 36(7), 1344–1363 (1914).
[Crossref]

Asbach, C.

H. Fissan, S. Ristig, H. Kaminiski, C. Asbach, and M. Epple, “Comparison of different characterization methods for nanoparticle dispersions before and after aerosolization,” Anal. Methods 6(18), 7324–7334 (2014).
[Crossref]

Badetti, E.

S. Ortelli, A. L. Costa, M. Blosi, A. Brunelli, E. Badetti, A. Bonetto, D. Hristozov, and A. Marcomini, “Colloidal characterization of CuO nanoparticles in biological and environmental media,” Environ. Sci. Nano 4(6), 1264–1272 (2017).
[Crossref]

Baik, J. H.

D. Cho, J. H. Baik, D. H. Choi, and C. S. Lee, “Dispersion stability of 1-octanethiol coated Cu nanoparticles in a 1-octanol solvent for the application of nanoink,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 309, 300–305 (2014).
[Crossref]

Bergin, S. D.

G. Cunningham, M. Lotya, C. S. Cucinotta, S. Sanvito, S. D. Bergin, R. Menzel, M. S. P. Shaffer, and J. N. Coleman, “Solvent exfoliation of transition metal dichalcogenides: dispersibility of exfoliated nanosheets varies only weakly between compounds,” ACS Nano 6(4), 3468–3480 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Hernandez, M. Lotya, D. Rickard, S. D. Bergin, and J. N. Coleman, “Measurement of multicomponent solubility parameters for graphene facilitates solvent discovery,” Langmuir 26(5), 3208–3213 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. D. Bergin, Z. Sun, D. Rickard, P. V. Streich, J. P. Hamilton, and J. N. Coleman, “Multicomponent solubility parameters for single-walled carbon nanotube-solvent mixtures,” ACS Nano 3(8), 2340–2350 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Blasi, P.

M. R. Cappellani, D. R. PerinelliLaura, L. Pescosolido, A. Schoubben, M. Cespi, R. Cossi, and P. Blasi, “Injectable nanoemulsions prepared by high pressure homogenization: processing, sterilization, and size evolution,” Appl. Nanosci. 8, 1–9 (2018).

Block, I. D.

I. D. Block and F. Scheffold, “Modulated 3D cross-correlation light scattering: improving turbid sample characterization,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81(12), 123107 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Blosi, M.

S. Ortelli, A. L. Costa, M. Blosi, A. Brunelli, E. Badetti, A. Bonetto, D. Hristozov, and A. Marcomini, “Colloidal characterization of CuO nanoparticles in biological and environmental media,” Environ. Sci. Nano 4(6), 1264–1272 (2017).
[Crossref]

Bonetto, A.

S. Ortelli, A. L. Costa, M. Blosi, A. Brunelli, E. Badetti, A. Bonetto, D. Hristozov, and A. Marcomini, “Colloidal characterization of CuO nanoparticles in biological and environmental media,” Environ. Sci. Nano 4(6), 1264–1272 (2017).
[Crossref]

Boyko, V.

J. J. Crassous, L. Casal-Dujat, M. Medebach, M. Obiols-Rabasa, R. Vincent, F. Reinhold, V. Boyko, I. Willerich, A. Menzel, C. Moitzi, B. Reck, and P. Schurtenberger, “Structure and dynamics of soft repulsive colloidal suspensions in the vicinity of the glass transition,” Langmuir 29(33), 10346–10359 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bridgman, P. W.

P. W. Bridgman, “Two new modifications of phosphorus,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 36(7), 1344–1363 (1914).
[Crossref]

Brunelli, A.

S. Ortelli, A. L. Costa, M. Blosi, A. Brunelli, E. Badetti, A. Bonetto, D. Hristozov, and A. Marcomini, “Colloidal characterization of CuO nanoparticles in biological and environmental media,” Environ. Sci. Nano 4(6), 1264–1272 (2017).
[Crossref]

Caddeo, C.

C. Caddeo, M. Manconi, A. M. Fadda, F. Lai, S. Lampis, O. Diez-Sales, and C. Sinico, “Nanocarriers for antioxidant resveratrol: formulation approach, vesicle self-assembly and stability evaluation,” Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 111, 327–332 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cappellani, M. R.

M. R. Cappellani, D. R. PerinelliLaura, L. Pescosolido, A. Schoubben, M. Cespi, R. Cossi, and P. Blasi, “Injectable nanoemulsions prepared by high pressure homogenization: processing, sterilization, and size evolution,” Appl. Nanosci. 8, 1–9 (2018).

Casal-Dujat, L.

J. J. Crassous, L. Casal-Dujat, M. Medebach, M. Obiols-Rabasa, R. Vincent, F. Reinhold, V. Boyko, I. Willerich, A. Menzel, C. Moitzi, B. Reck, and P. Schurtenberger, “Structure and dynamics of soft repulsive colloidal suspensions in the vicinity of the glass transition,” Langmuir 29(33), 10346–10359 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Castro Neto, A. H.

H. B. Ribeiro, M. A. Pimenta, C. J. de Matos, R. L. Moreira, A. S. Rodin, J. D. Zapata, E. A. de Souza, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Unusual angular dependence of the Raman response in black phosphorus,” ACS Nano 9(4), 4270–4276 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cespi, M.

M. R. Cappellani, D. R. PerinelliLaura, L. Pescosolido, A. Schoubben, M. Cespi, R. Cossi, and P. Blasi, “Injectable nanoemulsions prepared by high pressure homogenization: processing, sterilization, and size evolution,” Appl. Nanosci. 8, 1–9 (2018).

Chang, J.

S. Cui, H. Pu, S. A. Wells, Z. Wen, S. Mao, J. Chang, M. C. Hersam, and J. Chen, “Ultrahigh sensitivity and layer-dependent sensing performance of phosphorene-based gas sensors,” Nat. Commun. 6(1), 8632 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, H.

X. Zhu, T. Zhang, Z. Sun, H. Chen, J. Guan, X. Chen, H. Ji, P. Du, and S. Yang, “Black phosphorus revisited: a missing metal-free elemental photocatalyst for visible light hydrogen evolution,” Adv. Mater. 29(17), 1605776 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, J.

S. Cui, H. Pu, S. A. Wells, Z. Wen, S. Mao, J. Chang, M. C. Hersam, and J. Chen, “Ultrahigh sensitivity and layer-dependent sensing performance of phosphorene-based gas sensors,” Nat. Commun. 6(1), 8632 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, P. F.

P. F. Chen, N. Li, X. Z. Chen, W. J. Ong, and X. J. Zhao, “The rising star of 2D black phosphorus beyond graphene: synthesis, properties and electronic applications,” 2D Mater. 5(1), 014002 (2017).
[Crossref]

Chen, X.

X. Zhu, T. Zhang, Z. Sun, H. Chen, J. Guan, X. Chen, H. Ji, P. Du, and S. Yang, “Black phosphorus revisited: a missing metal-free elemental photocatalyst for visible light hydrogen evolution,” Adv. Mater. 29(17), 1605776 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, X. Z.

P. F. Chen, N. Li, X. Z. Chen, W. J. Ong, and X. J. Zhao, “The rising star of 2D black phosphorus beyond graphene: synthesis, properties and electronic applications,” 2D Mater. 5(1), 014002 (2017).
[Crossref]

Cho, D.

D. Cho, J. H. Baik, D. H. Choi, and C. S. Lee, “Dispersion stability of 1-octanethiol coated Cu nanoparticles in a 1-octanol solvent for the application of nanoink,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 309, 300–305 (2014).
[Crossref]

Choi, D. H.

D. Cho, J. H. Baik, D. H. Choi, and C. S. Lee, “Dispersion stability of 1-octanethiol coated Cu nanoparticles in a 1-octanol solvent for the application of nanoink,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 309, 300–305 (2014).
[Crossref]

Chu, P. K.

Y. Zhao, H. Wang, H. Huang, Q. Xiao, Y. Xu, Z. Guo, H. Xie, J. Shao, Z. Sun, W. Han, X. F. Yu, P. Li, and P. K. Chu, “Surface coordination of black phosphorus for robust air and water stability,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 55(16), 5003–5007 (2016).
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Chu, Z. H.

Coleman, J. N.

G. Cunningham, M. Lotya, C. S. Cucinotta, S. Sanvito, S. D. Bergin, R. Menzel, M. S. P. Shaffer, and J. N. Coleman, “Solvent exfoliation of transition metal dichalcogenides: dispersibility of exfoliated nanosheets varies only weakly between compounds,” ACS Nano 6(4), 3468–3480 (2012).
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Y. Hernandez, M. Lotya, D. Rickard, S. D. Bergin, and J. N. Coleman, “Measurement of multicomponent solubility parameters for graphene facilitates solvent discovery,” Langmuir 26(5), 3208–3213 (2010).
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S. D. Bergin, Z. Sun, D. Rickard, P. V. Streich, J. P. Hamilton, and J. N. Coleman, “Multicomponent solubility parameters for single-walled carbon nanotube-solvent mixtures,” ACS Nano 3(8), 2340–2350 (2009).
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Cossi, R.

M. R. Cappellani, D. R. PerinelliLaura, L. Pescosolido, A. Schoubben, M. Cespi, R. Cossi, and P. Blasi, “Injectable nanoemulsions prepared by high pressure homogenization: processing, sterilization, and size evolution,” Appl. Nanosci. 8, 1–9 (2018).

Costa, A. L.

S. Ortelli, A. L. Costa, M. Blosi, A. Brunelli, E. Badetti, A. Bonetto, D. Hristozov, and A. Marcomini, “Colloidal characterization of CuO nanoparticles in biological and environmental media,” Environ. Sci. Nano 4(6), 1264–1272 (2017).
[Crossref]

Crassous, J. J.

J. J. Crassous, L. Casal-Dujat, M. Medebach, M. Obiols-Rabasa, R. Vincent, F. Reinhold, V. Boyko, I. Willerich, A. Menzel, C. Moitzi, B. Reck, and P. Schurtenberger, “Structure and dynamics of soft repulsive colloidal suspensions in the vicinity of the glass transition,” Langmuir 29(33), 10346–10359 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cucinotta, C. S.

G. Cunningham, M. Lotya, C. S. Cucinotta, S. Sanvito, S. D. Bergin, R. Menzel, M. S. P. Shaffer, and J. N. Coleman, “Solvent exfoliation of transition metal dichalcogenides: dispersibility of exfoliated nanosheets varies only weakly between compounds,” ACS Nano 6(4), 3468–3480 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cui, S.

S. Cui, H. Pu, S. A. Wells, Z. Wen, S. Mao, J. Chang, M. C. Hersam, and J. Chen, “Ultrahigh sensitivity and layer-dependent sensing performance of phosphorene-based gas sensors,” Nat. Commun. 6(1), 8632 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cunningham, G.

G. Cunningham, M. Lotya, C. S. Cucinotta, S. Sanvito, S. D. Bergin, R. Menzel, M. S. P. Shaffer, and J. N. Coleman, “Solvent exfoliation of transition metal dichalcogenides: dispersibility of exfoliated nanosheets varies only weakly between compounds,” ACS Nano 6(4), 3468–3480 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

de Matos, C. J.

H. B. Ribeiro, M. A. Pimenta, C. J. de Matos, R. L. Moreira, A. S. Rodin, J. D. Zapata, E. A. de Souza, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Unusual angular dependence of the Raman response in black phosphorus,” ACS Nano 9(4), 4270–4276 (2015).
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de Souza, E. A.

H. B. Ribeiro, M. A. Pimenta, C. J. de Matos, R. L. Moreira, A. S. Rodin, J. D. Zapata, E. A. de Souza, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Unusual angular dependence of the Raman response in black phosphorus,” ACS Nano 9(4), 4270–4276 (2015).
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Diez-Sales, O.

C. Caddeo, M. Manconi, A. M. Fadda, F. Lai, S. Lampis, O. Diez-Sales, and C. Sinico, “Nanocarriers for antioxidant resveratrol: formulation approach, vesicle self-assembly and stability evaluation,” Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 111, 327–332 (2013).
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Donley, C. L.

A. H. Woomer, T. W. Farnsworth, J. Hu, R. A. Wells, C. L. Donley, and S. C. Warren, “Phosphorene: synthesis, scale-up, and quantitative optical spectroscopy,” ACS Nano 9(9), 8869–8884 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Du, P.

X. Zhu, T. Zhang, Z. Sun, H. Chen, J. Guan, X. Chen, H. Ji, P. Du, and S. Yang, “Black phosphorus revisited: a missing metal-free elemental photocatalyst for visible light hydrogen evolution,” Adv. Mater. 29(17), 1605776 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Eckstein, N.

M. Kopf, N. Eckstein, D. Pfister, C. Grotz, I. Krüger, M. Greiwe, T. Hansen, H. Kohlmann, and T. Nilges, “Access and in situ growth of phosphorene-precursor black phosphorus,” Cryst Growth. 405, 6–10 (2014).
[Crossref]

Egelhaaf, S. U.

M. A. Escobedo-Sánchez, L. F. Rojas-Ochoa, M. Laurati, and S. U. Egelhaaf, “Investigation of moderately turbid suspensions by heterodyne near field scattering,” Soft Matter 13(35), 5961–5969 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Epple, M.

H. Fissan, S. Ristig, H. Kaminiski, C. Asbach, and M. Epple, “Comparison of different characterization methods for nanoparticle dispersions before and after aerosolization,” Anal. Methods 6(18), 7324–7334 (2014).
[Crossref]

Escobedo-Sánchez, M. A.

M. A. Escobedo-Sánchez, L. F. Rojas-Ochoa, M. Laurati, and S. U. Egelhaaf, “Investigation of moderately turbid suspensions by heterodyne near field scattering,” Soft Matter 13(35), 5961–5969 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fadda, A. M.

C. Caddeo, M. Manconi, A. M. Fadda, F. Lai, S. Lampis, O. Diez-Sales, and C. Sinico, “Nanocarriers for antioxidant resveratrol: formulation approach, vesicle self-assembly and stability evaluation,” Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 111, 327–332 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fan, D. Y.

Farnsworth, T. W.

A. H. Woomer, T. W. Farnsworth, J. Hu, R. A. Wells, C. L. Donley, and S. C. Warren, “Phosphorene: synthesis, scale-up, and quantitative optical spectroscopy,” ACS Nano 9(9), 8869–8884 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fissan, H.

H. Fissan, S. Ristig, H. Kaminiski, C. Asbach, and M. Epple, “Comparison of different characterization methods for nanoparticle dispersions before and after aerosolization,” Anal. Methods 6(18), 7324–7334 (2014).
[Crossref]

Fuerbach, A.

Fukuda, T.

S. Tsunekawa, T. Fukuda, and A. Kasuya, “Blue shift in ultraviolet absorption spectra of monodisperse CeO2-x nanoparticles,” J. Appl. Phys. 87(3), 1318–1321 (2000).
[Crossref]

Gai, S. L.

D. Yang, G. X. Yang, P. P. Yang, R. C. Lv, S. L. Gai, C. X. Li, F. He, and J. Lin, “Assembly of Au plasmonic photothermal agent and iron oxide nanoparticles on ultrathin black phosphorus for targeted photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(18), 1700371 (2017).
[Crossref]

Greiwe, M.

M. Kopf, N. Eckstein, D. Pfister, C. Grotz, I. Krüger, M. Greiwe, T. Hansen, H. Kohlmann, and T. Nilges, “Access and in situ growth of phosphorene-precursor black phosphorus,” Cryst Growth. 405, 6–10 (2014).
[Crossref]

Gross, S.

Grossmann, T.

D. A. Lvanov, T. Grossmann, and J. Winkelmann, “Comparison of ternary diffusion coefficients obtained from dynamic light scattering and Taylor dispersion,” Fluid Phase Equilib. 228, 283–291 (2005).

Grotz, C.

M. Kopf, N. Eckstein, D. Pfister, C. Grotz, I. Krüger, M. Greiwe, T. Hansen, H. Kohlmann, and T. Nilges, “Access and in situ growth of phosphorene-precursor black phosphorus,” Cryst Growth. 405, 6–10 (2014).
[Crossref]

Guan, J.

X. Zhu, T. Zhang, Z. Sun, H. Chen, J. Guan, X. Chen, H. Ji, P. Du, and S. Yang, “Black phosphorus revisited: a missing metal-free elemental photocatalyst for visible light hydrogen evolution,” Adv. Mater. 29(17), 1605776 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Guo, Z.

Y. Zhao, H. Wang, H. Huang, Q. Xiao, Y. Xu, Z. Guo, H. Xie, J. Shao, Z. Sun, W. Han, X. F. Yu, P. Li, and P. K. Chu, “Surface coordination of black phosphorus for robust air and water stability,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 55(16), 5003–5007 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Guo, Z. N.

Hamilton, J. P.

S. D. Bergin, Z. Sun, D. Rickard, P. V. Streich, J. P. Hamilton, and J. N. Coleman, “Multicomponent solubility parameters for single-walled carbon nanotube-solvent mixtures,” ACS Nano 3(8), 2340–2350 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Han, W.

Y. Zhao, H. Wang, H. Huang, Q. Xiao, Y. Xu, Z. Guo, H. Xie, J. Shao, Z. Sun, W. Han, X. F. Yu, P. Li, and P. K. Chu, “Surface coordination of black phosphorus for robust air and water stability,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 55(16), 5003–5007 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Han, Y.

J. Liu, Y. Liu, N. Liu, Y. Han, X. Zhang, H. Huang, Y. Lifshitz, S. T. Lee, J. Zhong, and Z. Kang, “Water splitting. Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway,” Science 347(6225), 970–974 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hansen, T.

M. Kopf, N. Eckstein, D. Pfister, C. Grotz, I. Krüger, M. Greiwe, T. Hansen, H. Kohlmann, and T. Nilges, “Access and in situ growth of phosphorene-precursor black phosphorus,” Cryst Growth. 405, 6–10 (2014).
[Crossref]

Hassan, P. A.

P. A. Hassan, S. Rana, and G. Verma, “Making sense of Brownian motion: colloid characterization by dynamic light scattering,” Langmuir 31(1), 3–12 (2015).
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He, F.

D. Yang, G. X. Yang, P. P. Yang, R. C. Lv, S. L. Gai, C. X. Li, F. He, and J. Lin, “Assembly of Au plasmonic photothermal agent and iron oxide nanoparticles on ultrathin black phosphorus for targeted photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(18), 1700371 (2017).
[Crossref]

Hernandez, Y.

Y. Hernandez, M. Lotya, D. Rickard, S. D. Bergin, and J. N. Coleman, “Measurement of multicomponent solubility parameters for graphene facilitates solvent discovery,” Langmuir 26(5), 3208–3213 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hersam, M. C.

S. Cui, H. Pu, S. A. Wells, Z. Wen, S. Mao, J. Chang, M. C. Hersam, and J. Chen, “Ultrahigh sensitivity and layer-dependent sensing performance of phosphorene-based gas sensors,” Nat. Commun. 6(1), 8632 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hristozov, D.

S. Ortelli, A. L. Costa, M. Blosi, A. Brunelli, E. Badetti, A. Bonetto, D. Hristozov, and A. Marcomini, “Colloidal characterization of CuO nanoparticles in biological and environmental media,” Environ. Sci. Nano 4(6), 1264–1272 (2017).
[Crossref]

Hu, J.

A. H. Woomer, T. W. Farnsworth, J. Hu, R. A. Wells, C. L. Donley, and S. C. Warren, “Phosphorene: synthesis, scale-up, and quantitative optical spectroscopy,” ACS Nano 9(9), 8869–8884 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Huang, H.

Y. Zhao, H. Wang, H. Huang, Q. Xiao, Y. Xu, Z. Guo, H. Xie, J. Shao, Z. Sun, W. Han, X. F. Yu, P. Li, and P. K. Chu, “Surface coordination of black phosphorus for robust air and water stability,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 55(16), 5003–5007 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Liu, Y. Liu, N. Liu, Y. Han, X. Zhang, H. Huang, Y. Lifshitz, S. T. Lee, J. Zhong, and Z. Kang, “Water splitting. Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway,” Science 347(6225), 970–974 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Huang, X. R.

X. L. Ren, P. C. Lian, D. L. Xie, Y. Yang, Y. Mei, X. R. Huang, Z. R. Wang, and X. T. Yin, “Properties, preparation and application of black phosphorus/phosphorene for energy storage: a review,” J. Mater. Sci. 52(17), 10364–10386 (2017).
[Crossref]

Ji, H.

X. Zhu, T. Zhang, Z. Sun, H. Chen, J. Guan, X. Chen, H. Ji, P. Du, and S. Yang, “Black phosphorus revisited: a missing metal-free elemental photocatalyst for visible light hydrogen evolution,” Adv. Mater. 29(17), 1605776 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jiang, X. T.

Kaminiski, H.

H. Fissan, S. Ristig, H. Kaminiski, C. Asbach, and M. Epple, “Comparison of different characterization methods for nanoparticle dispersions before and after aerosolization,” Anal. Methods 6(18), 7324–7334 (2014).
[Crossref]

Kang, Z.

J. Liu, Y. Liu, N. Liu, Y. Han, X. Zhang, H. Huang, Y. Lifshitz, S. T. Lee, J. Zhong, and Z. Kang, “Water splitting. Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway,” Science 347(6225), 970–974 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kasuya, A.

S. Tsunekawa, T. Fukuda, and A. Kasuya, “Blue shift in ultraviolet absorption spectra of monodisperse CeO2-x nanoparticles,” J. Appl. Phys. 87(3), 1318–1321 (2000).
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Kersting, M.

T. Nilges, M. Kersting, and T. J. Pfeifer, “A fast low-pressure transport route to large black phosphorus single crystals,” Solid State Chem. 181(8), 1707–1711 (2008).
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Kohlmann, H.

M. Kopf, N. Eckstein, D. Pfister, C. Grotz, I. Krüger, M. Greiwe, T. Hansen, H. Kohlmann, and T. Nilges, “Access and in situ growth of phosphorene-precursor black phosphorus,” Cryst Growth. 405, 6–10 (2014).
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Konstantatos, G.

D. Kufer, I. Nikitskiy, T. Lasanta, G. Navickaite, F. H. Koppens, and G. Konstantatos, “Hybrid 2D-0D MoS2 -PbS quantum dot photodetectors,” Adv. Mater. 27(1), 176–180 (2015).
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Kopf, M.

M. Kopf, N. Eckstein, D. Pfister, C. Grotz, I. Krüger, M. Greiwe, T. Hansen, H. Kohlmann, and T. Nilges, “Access and in situ growth of phosphorene-precursor black phosphorus,” Cryst Growth. 405, 6–10 (2014).
[Crossref]

Koppens, F. H.

D. Kufer, I. Nikitskiy, T. Lasanta, G. Navickaite, F. H. Koppens, and G. Konstantatos, “Hybrid 2D-0D MoS2 -PbS quantum dot photodetectors,” Adv. Mater. 27(1), 176–180 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Krüger, I.

M. Kopf, N. Eckstein, D. Pfister, C. Grotz, I. Krüger, M. Greiwe, T. Hansen, H. Kohlmann, and T. Nilges, “Access and in situ growth of phosphorene-precursor black phosphorus,” Cryst Growth. 405, 6–10 (2014).
[Crossref]

Kufer, D.

D. Kufer, I. Nikitskiy, T. Lasanta, G. Navickaite, F. H. Koppens, and G. Konstantatos, “Hybrid 2D-0D MoS2 -PbS quantum dot photodetectors,” Adv. Mater. 27(1), 176–180 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lai, F.

C. Caddeo, M. Manconi, A. M. Fadda, F. Lai, S. Lampis, O. Diez-Sales, and C. Sinico, “Nanocarriers for antioxidant resveratrol: formulation approach, vesicle self-assembly and stability evaluation,” Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 111, 327–332 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lampis, S.

C. Caddeo, M. Manconi, A. M. Fadda, F. Lai, S. Lampis, O. Diez-Sales, and C. Sinico, “Nanocarriers for antioxidant resveratrol: formulation approach, vesicle self-assembly and stability evaluation,” Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 111, 327–332 (2013).
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Lange, S.

S. Lange, P. Schmidt, and T. Nilges, “Au3SnP7@black phosphorus: an easy access to black phosphorus,” Inorg. Chem. 46(10), 4028–4035 (2007).
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Lasanta, T.

D. Kufer, I. Nikitskiy, T. Lasanta, G. Navickaite, F. H. Koppens, and G. Konstantatos, “Hybrid 2D-0D MoS2 -PbS quantum dot photodetectors,” Adv. Mater. 27(1), 176–180 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Laurati, M.

M. A. Escobedo-Sánchez, L. F. Rojas-Ochoa, M. Laurati, and S. U. Egelhaaf, “Investigation of moderately turbid suspensions by heterodyne near field scattering,” Soft Matter 13(35), 5961–5969 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lee, C. S.

D. Cho, J. H. Baik, D. H. Choi, and C. S. Lee, “Dispersion stability of 1-octanethiol coated Cu nanoparticles in a 1-octanol solvent for the application of nanoink,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 309, 300–305 (2014).
[Crossref]

Lee, S. T.

J. Liu, Y. Liu, N. Liu, Y. Han, X. Zhang, H. Huang, Y. Lifshitz, S. T. Lee, J. Zhong, and Z. Kang, “Water splitting. Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway,” Science 347(6225), 970–974 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, C. X.

D. Yang, G. X. Yang, P. P. Yang, R. C. Lv, S. L. Gai, C. X. Li, F. He, and J. Lin, “Assembly of Au plasmonic photothermal agent and iron oxide nanoparticles on ultrathin black phosphorus for targeted photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(18), 1700371 (2017).
[Crossref]

Li, N.

P. F. Chen, N. Li, X. Z. Chen, W. J. Ong, and X. J. Zhao, “The rising star of 2D black phosphorus beyond graphene: synthesis, properties and electronic applications,” 2D Mater. 5(1), 014002 (2017).
[Crossref]

Li, P.

Y. Zhao, H. Wang, H. Huang, Q. Xiao, Y. Xu, Z. Guo, H. Xie, J. Shao, Z. Sun, W. Han, X. F. Yu, P. Li, and P. K. Chu, “Surface coordination of black phosphorus for robust air and water stability,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 55(16), 5003–5007 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lian, P. C.

X. L. Ren, P. C. Lian, D. L. Xie, Y. Yang, Y. Mei, X. R. Huang, Z. R. Wang, and X. T. Yin, “Properties, preparation and application of black phosphorus/phosphorene for energy storage: a review,” J. Mater. Sci. 52(17), 10364–10386 (2017).
[Crossref]

Lifshitz, Y.

J. Liu, Y. Liu, N. Liu, Y. Han, X. Zhang, H. Huang, Y. Lifshitz, S. T. Lee, J. Zhong, and Z. Kang, “Water splitting. Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway,” Science 347(6225), 970–974 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lin, J.

D. Yang, G. X. Yang, P. P. Yang, R. C. Lv, S. L. Gai, C. X. Li, F. He, and J. Lin, “Assembly of Au plasmonic photothermal agent and iron oxide nanoparticles on ultrathin black phosphorus for targeted photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(18), 1700371 (2017).
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Liu, J.

Z. H. Chu, J. Liu, Z. N. Guo, and H. Zhang, “2 μm passively Q-switched laser based on black phosphorus,” Opt. Mater. Express 6(7), 2374–2379 (2016).
[Crossref]

J. Liu, Y. Liu, N. Liu, Y. Han, X. Zhang, H. Huang, Y. Lifshitz, S. T. Lee, J. Zhong, and Z. Kang, “Water splitting. Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway,” Science 347(6225), 970–974 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, N.

J. Liu, Y. Liu, N. Liu, Y. Han, X. Zhang, H. Huang, Y. Lifshitz, S. T. Lee, J. Zhong, and Z. Kang, “Water splitting. Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway,” Science 347(6225), 970–974 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, Y.

J. Liu, Y. Liu, N. Liu, Y. Han, X. Zhang, H. Huang, Y. Lifshitz, S. T. Lee, J. Zhong, and Z. Kang, “Water splitting. Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway,” Science 347(6225), 970–974 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lotya, M.

G. Cunningham, M. Lotya, C. S. Cucinotta, S. Sanvito, S. D. Bergin, R. Menzel, M. S. P. Shaffer, and J. N. Coleman, “Solvent exfoliation of transition metal dichalcogenides: dispersibility of exfoliated nanosheets varies only weakly between compounds,” ACS Nano 6(4), 3468–3480 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Hernandez, M. Lotya, D. Rickard, S. D. Bergin, and J. N. Coleman, “Measurement of multicomponent solubility parameters for graphene facilitates solvent discovery,” Langmuir 26(5), 3208–3213 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lu, S. B.

Lv, R. C.

D. Yang, G. X. Yang, P. P. Yang, R. C. Lv, S. L. Gai, C. X. Li, F. He, and J. Lin, “Assembly of Au plasmonic photothermal agent and iron oxide nanoparticles on ultrathin black phosphorus for targeted photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(18), 1700371 (2017).
[Crossref]

Lvanov, D. A.

D. A. Lvanov, T. Grossmann, and J. Winkelmann, “Comparison of ternary diffusion coefficients obtained from dynamic light scattering and Taylor dispersion,” Fluid Phase Equilib. 228, 283–291 (2005).

Manconi, M.

C. Caddeo, M. Manconi, A. M. Fadda, F. Lai, S. Lampis, O. Diez-Sales, and C. Sinico, “Nanocarriers for antioxidant resveratrol: formulation approach, vesicle self-assembly and stability evaluation,” Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 111, 327–332 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mao, S.

S. Cui, H. Pu, S. A. Wells, Z. Wen, S. Mao, J. Chang, M. C. Hersam, and J. Chen, “Ultrahigh sensitivity and layer-dependent sensing performance of phosphorene-based gas sensors,” Nat. Commun. 6(1), 8632 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Marcomini, A.

S. Ortelli, A. L. Costa, M. Blosi, A. Brunelli, E. Badetti, A. Bonetto, D. Hristozov, and A. Marcomini, “Colloidal characterization of CuO nanoparticles in biological and environmental media,” Environ. Sci. Nano 4(6), 1264–1272 (2017).
[Crossref]

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J. J. Crassous, L. Casal-Dujat, M. Medebach, M. Obiols-Rabasa, R. Vincent, F. Reinhold, V. Boyko, I. Willerich, A. Menzel, C. Moitzi, B. Reck, and P. Schurtenberger, “Structure and dynamics of soft repulsive colloidal suspensions in the vicinity of the glass transition,” Langmuir 29(33), 10346–10359 (2013).
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Moitzi, C.

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J. J. Crassous, L. Casal-Dujat, M. Medebach, M. Obiols-Rabasa, R. Vincent, F. Reinhold, V. Boyko, I. Willerich, A. Menzel, C. Moitzi, B. Reck, and P. Schurtenberger, “Structure and dynamics of soft repulsive colloidal suspensions in the vicinity of the glass transition,” Langmuir 29(33), 10346–10359 (2013).
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Schoubben, A.

M. R. Cappellani, D. R. PerinelliLaura, L. Pescosolido, A. Schoubben, M. Cespi, R. Cossi, and P. Blasi, “Injectable nanoemulsions prepared by high pressure homogenization: processing, sterilization, and size evolution,” Appl. Nanosci. 8, 1–9 (2018).

Schurtenberger, P.

J. J. Crassous, L. Casal-Dujat, M. Medebach, M. Obiols-Rabasa, R. Vincent, F. Reinhold, V. Boyko, I. Willerich, A. Menzel, C. Moitzi, B. Reck, and P. Schurtenberger, “Structure and dynamics of soft repulsive colloidal suspensions in the vicinity of the glass transition,” Langmuir 29(33), 10346–10359 (2013).
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C. Urban and P. Schurtenberger, “Characterization of turbid Fur suspensions using light scattering techniques combined with cross-correlation methods,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 207(1), 150–158 (1998).
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C. M. Park and H. J. Sohn, “Quasi-intercalation and facile amorphization in layered ZnSb for Li-ion batteries,” Adv. Mater. 22(1), 47–52 (2010).
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S. D. Bergin, Z. Sun, D. Rickard, P. V. Streich, J. P. Hamilton, and J. N. Coleman, “Multicomponent solubility parameters for single-walled carbon nanotube-solvent mixtures,” ACS Nano 3(8), 2340–2350 (2009).
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J. J. Crassous, L. Casal-Dujat, M. Medebach, M. Obiols-Rabasa, R. Vincent, F. Reinhold, V. Boyko, I. Willerich, A. Menzel, C. Moitzi, B. Reck, and P. Schurtenberger, “Structure and dynamics of soft repulsive colloidal suspensions in the vicinity of the glass transition,” Langmuir 29(33), 10346–10359 (2013).
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Xie, D. L.

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Y. Zhao, H. Wang, H. Huang, Q. Xiao, Y. Xu, Z. Guo, H. Xie, J. Shao, Z. Sun, W. Han, X. F. Yu, P. Li, and P. K. Chu, “Surface coordination of black phosphorus for robust air and water stability,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 55(16), 5003–5007 (2016).
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Yang, Y.

X. L. Ren, P. C. Lian, D. L. Xie, Y. Yang, Y. Mei, X. R. Huang, Z. R. Wang, and X. T. Yin, “Properties, preparation and application of black phosphorus/phosphorene for energy storage: a review,” J. Mater. Sci. 52(17), 10364–10386 (2017).
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Zhang, K.

S. Yang, K. Zhang, and A. G. Ricciardulli, “A rational delamination strategy towards defect-free, high-mobility, few-layered black phosphorus flakes,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 14317 (2015).

Zhang, T.

X. Zhu, T. Zhang, Z. Sun, H. Chen, J. Guan, X. Chen, H. Ji, P. Du, and S. Yang, “Black phosphorus revisited: a missing metal-free elemental photocatalyst for visible light hydrogen evolution,” Adv. Mater. 29(17), 1605776 (2017).
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Zhao, X. J.

P. F. Chen, N. Li, X. Z. Chen, W. J. Ong, and X. J. Zhao, “The rising star of 2D black phosphorus beyond graphene: synthesis, properties and electronic applications,” 2D Mater. 5(1), 014002 (2017).
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Zhao, Y.

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2D Mater. (1)

P. F. Chen, N. Li, X. Z. Chen, W. J. Ong, and X. J. Zhao, “The rising star of 2D black phosphorus beyond graphene: synthesis, properties and electronic applications,” 2D Mater. 5(1), 014002 (2017).
[Crossref]

ACS Nano (4)

H. B. Ribeiro, M. A. Pimenta, C. J. de Matos, R. L. Moreira, A. S. Rodin, J. D. Zapata, E. A. de Souza, and A. H. Castro Neto, “Unusual angular dependence of the Raman response in black phosphorus,” ACS Nano 9(4), 4270–4276 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. H. Woomer, T. W. Farnsworth, J. Hu, R. A. Wells, C. L. Donley, and S. C. Warren, “Phosphorene: synthesis, scale-up, and quantitative optical spectroscopy,” ACS Nano 9(9), 8869–8884 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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D. Yang, G. X. Yang, P. P. Yang, R. C. Lv, S. L. Gai, C. X. Li, F. He, and J. Lin, “Assembly of Au plasmonic photothermal agent and iron oxide nanoparticles on ultrathin black phosphorus for targeted photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(18), 1700371 (2017).
[Crossref]

Adv. Mater. (3)

X. Zhu, T. Zhang, Z. Sun, H. Chen, J. Guan, X. Chen, H. Ji, P. Du, and S. Yang, “Black phosphorus revisited: a missing metal-free elemental photocatalyst for visible light hydrogen evolution,” Adv. Mater. 29(17), 1605776 (2017).
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C. M. Park and H. J. Sohn, “Quasi-intercalation and facile amorphization in layered ZnSb for Li-ion batteries,” Adv. Mater. 22(1), 47–52 (2010).
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D. Kufer, I. Nikitskiy, T. Lasanta, G. Navickaite, F. H. Koppens, and G. Konstantatos, “Hybrid 2D-0D MoS2 -PbS quantum dot photodetectors,” Adv. Mater. 27(1), 176–180 (2015).
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Anal. Methods (1)

H. Fissan, S. Ristig, H. Kaminiski, C. Asbach, and M. Epple, “Comparison of different characterization methods for nanoparticle dispersions before and after aerosolization,” Anal. Methods 6(18), 7324–7334 (2014).
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Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (1)

S. Yang, K. Zhang, and A. G. Ricciardulli, “A rational delamination strategy towards defect-free, high-mobility, few-layered black phosphorus flakes,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 14317 (2015).

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. (1)

Y. Zhao, H. Wang, H. Huang, Q. Xiao, Y. Xu, Z. Guo, H. Xie, J. Shao, Z. Sun, W. Han, X. F. Yu, P. Li, and P. K. Chu, “Surface coordination of black phosphorus for robust air and water stability,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 55(16), 5003–5007 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Appl. Nanosci. (1)

M. R. Cappellani, D. R. PerinelliLaura, L. Pescosolido, A. Schoubben, M. Cespi, R. Cossi, and P. Blasi, “Injectable nanoemulsions prepared by high pressure homogenization: processing, sterilization, and size evolution,” Appl. Nanosci. 8, 1–9 (2018).

Appl. Surf. Sci. (1)

D. Cho, J. H. Baik, D. H. Choi, and C. S. Lee, “Dispersion stability of 1-octanethiol coated Cu nanoparticles in a 1-octanol solvent for the application of nanoink,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 309, 300–305 (2014).
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Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces (1)

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M. Kopf, N. Eckstein, D. Pfister, C. Grotz, I. Krüger, M. Greiwe, T. Hansen, H. Kohlmann, and T. Nilges, “Access and in situ growth of phosphorene-precursor black phosphorus,” Cryst Growth. 405, 6–10 (2014).
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Environ. Sci. Nano (1)

S. Ortelli, A. L. Costa, M. Blosi, A. Brunelli, E. Badetti, A. Bonetto, D. Hristozov, and A. Marcomini, “Colloidal characterization of CuO nanoparticles in biological and environmental media,” Environ. Sci. Nano 4(6), 1264–1272 (2017).
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D. A. Lvanov, T. Grossmann, and J. Winkelmann, “Comparison of ternary diffusion coefficients obtained from dynamic light scattering and Taylor dispersion,” Fluid Phase Equilib. 228, 283–291 (2005).

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S. Lange, P. Schmidt, and T. Nilges, “Au3SnP7@black phosphorus: an easy access to black phosphorus,” Inorg. Chem. 46(10), 4028–4035 (2007).
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P. W. Bridgman, “Two new modifications of phosphorus,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 36(7), 1344–1363 (1914).
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Langmuir (3)

P. A. Hassan, S. Rana, and G. Verma, “Making sense of Brownian motion: colloid characterization by dynamic light scattering,” Langmuir 31(1), 3–12 (2015).
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J. J. Crassous, L. Casal-Dujat, M. Medebach, M. Obiols-Rabasa, R. Vincent, F. Reinhold, V. Boyko, I. Willerich, A. Menzel, C. Moitzi, B. Reck, and P. Schurtenberger, “Structure and dynamics of soft repulsive colloidal suspensions in the vicinity of the glass transition,” Langmuir 29(33), 10346–10359 (2013).
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Nat. Commun. (1)

S. Cui, H. Pu, S. A. Wells, Z. Wen, S. Mao, J. Chang, M. C. Hersam, and J. Chen, “Ultrahigh sensitivity and layer-dependent sensing performance of phosphorene-based gas sensors,” Nat. Commun. 6(1), 8632 (2015).
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Opt. Express (1)

Opt. Mater. Express (2)

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Science (1)

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Figures (7)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Characterization of BP colloids and BP nanosheets. Photograph of the atomically thin BP colloid in NMP (a), the Tyndall effect of BP colloid (b), typical low-magnification TEM image of BP nanosheets (c), magnified high-resolution TEM image taken from a selective area in c (d), AFM image of BP nanosheets and the corresponding height profile along the drawn lines (e, f), statistics of the thickness of BP nanosheets (g), microscope image of dry nanosheets on a silicon wafer (h), the in situ Raman spectrum of exfoliated BP nanosheets located in the marked area in h and the illustrations of the vibrational motions in BP nanosheets (i, j).

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Optical absorption properties of BP colloids. UV/Vis absorption spectra of BP colloids with different concentrations at 25 °C (a), calibration curves for the BP colloids at 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm and 808 nm at 25 °C (b), the fitting equation, coefficients of determination (R2) of fitting equations and molar absorptivity of BP colloids at 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm and 808 nm at 25 °C (c), (Ahν)2 versus hν curves of BP nanosheets, BP is a direct bandgap materials [30], thus r = 2 for Tauc plot (Ahν)r (d), Eg of BP nanosheets obtained from BP colloids with different concentrations (e).

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Schematic illustration of the setup of 3D light scattering. This technique uses two simultaneous light scattering experiments performed at the same scattering vector on the same sample volume. The two scattering experiments are temporally separated by modulating the incident laser beams and gating the detector outputs at frequencies exceeding the timescale of the system dynamics.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 The normalized intensity cross-correlation curves as a function of delay time τ for BP colloids in NMP at T = 297 K for scattering angles from 30° to 150° and the concentrations of BP nanosheets are 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 μgmL−1, from a to f.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 The normalized intensity cross-correlation curves as a function of delay time τ for BP colloids with the concentrations ranging from 31.25 μgmL−1 to 1000 μgmL−1 at T = 297 K and the scattering angles is 30°.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 The normalized intensity cross-correlation curves as a function of delay time τ for BP colloids (scattering angle 30, 31.25μgmL−1) with increasing the temperature from 297 K to 327 K (a). The normalized intensity cross-correlation curves as a function of delay time τ for BP colloids in NMP and CH2Cl2 at a fixed concentration of 31.25μgmL−1 at 297 K and the scattering angle is 30° (b). The normalized intensity cross-correlation curves as a function of delay time τ for BP colloids in CH3CH2OH and CCl4 at a fixed concentration of 31.25μgmL−1 at 297 K and the scattering angle is 30° (c). The insert in Fig. 6(b) and Fig. 6(c) shows the signal from 0.01s to 1s.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Viscosities of BP colloids with various concentrations and at different temperatures. Measured viscosity versus shear rate of single-layer BP colloids with concentrations ranging from 31.25 to 500.0 μgmL−1 at 297K (a). Images b-f correspond to the temperature dependence of the viscosities of BP colloids with concentrations of 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 μgmL−1.

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Equations (5)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

g (2) ( q,τ )= 〈 I 1 (t) I 2 (t+τ) 〉 t 〈 I 1 (t) I 2 (t) 〉 t =1+β | g (1) ( q,τ ) | 2
g (1) ( q,τ )=exp( − q 2 Dτ )
q= 4πn λ sin θ 2
D= kT 6πηr
g (2) ( θ,τ )-1=β [ exp{ −( 8πk n 2 Tτ 3 λ 2 ηr )· sin 2 ( θ 2 ) } ] 2

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